Automated injection of slurry samples in flow-injection analysis

Two types of injectors are described for introducing solid samples as slurries in flow analysis systems. A time-based and a volume-based injector based on multitube solenoid pinch valves were built, both can be characterized as hydrodynamic injectors. Reproducibility of the injections of dispersed solids ( 150 ¿m) was tested with several concentrations of slurry samples up to 30 mg/ml; the injected volume was 1 ml. For both injectors dye and slurry samples could be injected with good precision (relative standard deviation for the peak area less than 2%). Peak detection was performed turbidimetrically. Data analysis and operation of the injectors were automated. The usual peristaltic pumps in flow analysis are normally not capable of handling slurries of the type investigated, therefore a valveless piston pump was used instead

Modelling the permeability of polymers: a neural network approach

In this short communication, the prediction of the permeability of carbon dioxide through different polymers using a neural network is studied. A neural network is a numeric-mathematical construction that can model complex non-linear relationships. Here it is used to correlate the IR spectrum of a polymer to its permeability. The underlying assumption is that the chemical information hidden in the IR spectrum is sufficient for the prediction. The best neural network investigated so far does indeed show predictive capabilities

A generalized approach for the calculation and automation of potentiometric titrations Part 1. Acid-Base Titrations

Fast and accurate calculation procedures for pH and redox potentials are required for optimum control of automatic titrations. The procedure suggested is based on a three-dimensional titration curve V = f(pH, redox potential). All possible interactions between species in the solution, e.g., changes in activity coefficients and influences of redox potential on pH variations, are taken into account. The number of titrant additions can be reduced considerably without loss of precision, by using the fact that the pH of a protolyte or mixture of protolytes at some fraction titrated does not depend strongly on the actual concentration

Normal mere exposure effect with impaired recognition in Alzheimer’s disease.

We investigated the mere exposure effect and the explicit memory in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and elderly control subjects, using unfamiliar faces. During the exposure phase, the subjects estimated the age of briefly flashed faces. The mere exposure effect was examined by presenting pairs of faces (old and new) and asking participants to select the face they liked. The participants were then presented with a forced-choice explicit recognition task. Controls subjects exhibited above-chance preference and recognition scores for old faces. The AD patients also showed the mere exposure effect but no explicit recognition. These results suggest that the processes involved in the mere exposure effect are preserved in AD patients despite their impaired explicit recognition. The results are discussed in terms of Seamon et al.’s proposal (1995) that processes involved in the mere exposure effect are equivalent to those subserving perceptual priming. These processes would depend on extrastriate areas which are relatively preserved in AD patients

A generalized approach for the calculation and automation of potentiometric titrations Part 2. Redox Titrations

The very fast calculation procedure described earlier is applied to calculate the titration curves of complicated redox systems. The theory is extended slightly to cover inhomogeneous redox systems. Titrations of iodine or 2,6-dichloroindophenol with ascorbic acid are described. It is shown that correspondence between theory and practice is good as long as the relevant stability constants and redox potentials are known with sufficient accuracy

Processing of signals from an ion-elective electrode array by a neural network

Neural network software is described for processing the signals of arrays of ion-selective electrodes. The performance of the software was tested in the simultaneous determination of calcium and copper(II) ions in binary mixtures of copper(II) nitrate and calcium chloride and the simultaneous determination of potassium, calcium, nitrate and chloride in mixtures of potassium and calcium chlorides and ammonium nitrate. The measurements for the Ca2+/Cu2+ determinations were done with a pH-glass electrode and calcium and copper ion-selective electrodes; results were accurate to ±8%. For the K+/Ca2+NO−3/Cl− determinations, the measurements were made with the relevant ion-selective electrodes and a glass electrode; the mean relative error was ±6%, and for the worst cases the error did not exceed 20%

Hollow-fibre membrane for sample introduction in a flow-injection system : Determination of carbon disulphide in air

A hollow-membrane fibre is used for the introduction of gaseous compounds into a flow-injection system. The sampling system consists of a certain length of asymmetric hollow-fibre membrane in which an acceptor stream is stopped for a fixed period of time. The analyte permeates from the surrounding environment through the membrane and is accumulated in the acceptor solution, then pumping is resumed. The method is tested for the determination of carbon disulphide in ambient air. The detection range of the method is from 3 to at least 30 mg l−1