Trend of stunting, overweight and obesity among children under five years in a rural area in Northern Iran, 1998–2013: Results of three cross-sectional studies

Background: Obesity is a common health problem in the world and the purpose of this study was to identify the trend of overweight, obesity and stunting among children under five from 1998 to 2013 that was carried out in three stages in the villages of Golestan province in the northern Iran (south east of the Caspian Sea). Methods: Three cross-sectional studies with sample sizes of 7575, including 2339, 2749 and 2487 cases were carried out in 1998, 2004 and 2013, respectively. Among 118 villages, 20 were chosen by random sampling and all of the under-five-children in these villages were assessed. For all subjects, a questionnaire was completed and anthropometric indices were measured. Z-score was used for body index classification with following categories: Z ≤ 2SD=Normal or under-nutrition; >2SD Z ≤3SD = Overweight and Z>3SD = Obesity. P-value under 0.05 indicated significance. Results: In 1998, 2004 and 2013, the prevalence of overweight was 8.5% (95% Cl; 7.3–9.6), 3.3% (95% Cl; 2.7–4.0) and 5.2% (95% Cl; 4.2–6.1), that of obesity was 4.6%(95% Cl; 3.8–3.5), 1.2% (95% Cl; 0.8–1.6) and 3.5% (95% Cl; 2.8–4.3), and that of stunting was 32.8% (95% Cl; 31.0–34.6), 13.4% (95% Cl; 12.2–14.6) and 15.7% (95% Cl;14.3–17.2), respectively. In boys, the mean of height was significantly different in all age groups while the mean of weight was significant only at ages 13–24, 37–48 and 49–60 months (P< 0.005 for all). In girls, the mean of height significantly different from 36 months age (P < 0.01) whereas weight difference was significant only at age of 37–48 months (P = 0.002). Conclusion: A heterogenic trend was seen in stunting, overweight and obesity. Although short stature was the main cause of obesity in 1998, extra weight was its major cause in 2013. Renewed increase of obesity among children under-five is considerable in the northern Iran. © 2016, Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. Iran

Congenital malformations at a referral hospital in Gorgan, Islamic Republic of Iran

This study recorded the rate of congenital malformations in 10 000 births at a referral hospital in Gorgan, Islamic Republic of Iran in 1998-99. The overall incidence of congenital malformations was 1.01% (1.19% in males and 0.76% in females). Anomalies of the musculoskeletal system had the highest incidence (0.38%), followed by central nervous system (0.28%) and genitourinary system (0.25%). The incidence of congenital malformations in different ethnic groups was 0.85%, 1.45% and 1.70% in native Fars, Turkman and Sistani groups respectively. Sex and ethnic background are factors in the rate of congenital malformations in this area