56 research outputs found

    STUDY OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MILK FOR CHEESE PRODUCTION

    Get PDF
    The article shows that the studied samples of raw milk in terms of composition (mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose and milk solids-not-fat) met the criteria of suitability for cheese, and its physic-chemical properties (titratable acidity, density, freezing point) were within acceptable limits. Moreover, rennet sample corresponded to the first and second classes. It was proved that the number of spores of lactating fermenting microorganisms met the requirements for milk for the production of any kind of cheese. It was established that the fatty acid composition of raw cow’s milk used to produce cheeses at various enterprises varied significantly. The data indicate the variability of the content of all groups of fatty acids β€” low molecular weight, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. As a result of gas chromatography studies using the chromatographic complex Β«Chromos GX-1000Β» with a flame ionization detector and a CP 88 quartz capillary column β€” Sil 88 for FAME100 m Γ— 0.25 mm Γ— 0.2 Β΅m, it was found that the largest absolute fluctuations were for saturated (Β± 7.03 % of the average value) and monounsaturated fatty acids (Β± 3.77 % of the average value). Absolute fluctuations in the group of low molecular weight fatty acids amounted to Β± 2.62 %, and in the group of polyunsaturated β€” Β± 1.02 % of the average value. The calculation of the relative deviation showed that the most varied groups were the ones of low molecular weight fatty acids (Β± 28.40 rel.%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Β± 25.11 rel.%). At the same time, a relatively high content of certain fatty acids: myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic and low levels of stearic and oleic fatty acids, was revealed in individual milk samples.The article shows that the studied samples of raw milk in terms of composition (mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose and milk solids-not-fat) met the criteria of suitability for cheese, and its physic-chemical properties (titratable acidity, density, freezing point) were within acceptable limits. Moreover, rennet sample corresponded to the first and second classes. It was proved that the number of spores of lactating fermenting microorganisms met the requirements for milk for the production of any kind of cheese. It was established that the fatty acid composition of raw cow’s milk used to produce cheeses at various enterprises varied significantly. The data indicate the variability of the content of all groups of fatty acids β€” low molecular weight, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. As a result of gas chromatography studies using the chromatographic complex Β«Chromos GX-1000Β» with a flame ionization detector and a CP 88 quartz capillary column β€” Sil 88 for FAME100 m Γ— 0.25 mm Γ— 0.2 Β΅m, it was found that the largest absolute fluctuations were for saturated (Β± 7.03 % of the average value) and monounsaturated fatty acids (Β± 3.77 % of the average value). Absolute fluctuations in the group of low molecular weight fatty acids amounted to Β± 2.62 %, and in the group of polyunsaturated β€” Β± 1.02 % of the average value. The calculation of the relative deviation showed that the most varied groups were the ones of low molecular weight fatty acids (Β± 28.40 rel.%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Β± 25.11 rel.%). At the same time, a relatively high content of certain fatty acids: myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic and low levels of stearic and oleic fatty acids, was revealed in individual milk samples

    Research on the possibility of extending the shelf life of cheese raw material and heat-treated cheese by their freezing for further use in HoReCa

    Get PDF
    The article presents the results of a study of the regularities of changes in the functional properties and quality indicators of heat-treated cheeses made from frozen cheese raw material or frozen after thermomechanical processing for further use in HoReCa. The objects of the study were: Caliatta cheese β€” a semi-hard ripening cheese intended as the main raw material in the production of heat-treated cheese, as well as heat-treated Β«pizzacheeseΒ», subjected to freezing at temperatures of minus 14 Β±2 Β°Cand minus 55 Β±2 Β°Cand low-temperature storage at a temperature of minus 14 Β±2 Β°Cfor 270 days, followed by defrosting at a temperature of 20 Β±2 Β°C. To confirm the possibility of using the freezing technique in order to increase the shelf life of both the original cheese raw material and heat-treated cheese, their microbiological and physicochemical indicators were determined by standardized methods. Studies of structural and mechanical (rheological) properties were carried out on a Weissenberg rheogoniometer, recording changes in the elastic modulus (G’) and dynamic viscosity (h’). The length of the cheese thread, as one of the main functional properties of the Β«pizza-cheeseΒ», was assessed with a fork test after baking. Organoleptic characteristics were assessed by flavor, texture and appearance. Research results have shown that low-temperature storage of frozen cheese can be considered as a way to retard biological and physicochemical changes, which is a safe way to increase shelf life. Freezing cheese raw material increases the length of the cheese thread in proportion to the temperature and duration of the low-temperature storage. When obtaining heat-treated cheese from both unfrozen and frozen cheese raw material, a significant deterioration in the desired functional properties is observed. Thus, the receipt of heat-treated cheese from the original cheese raw material for further use in the production of pizza is justified only by economic feasibility. Freezing Β«pizza-cheeseΒ» at a temperature of minus 55 Β±2 Β°C, made from unfrozen cheese raw material, ensures the preservation of functional properties and increases the shelf life up to 150 days

    Strategic Priorities of Municipal Development Based on Identifying the Interests of Stakeholders: Methodological Approaches and Practical Implementation

    Get PDF
    The formation of documents for strategic planning of socio-economic development is the most important task of regional and municipal governments. It can be stated that strategic planning processes have been launched throughout the country and the process of forming these documents is active at both the regional and municipal levels. However, the issues of determining, studying, and taking into account the views of interested parties when forming the goals and priorities of socio-economic development of administrative-territorial entities require methodological support and recommendations for practical implementation. In this article, an attempt is made to reveal methodological approaches and solve issues of practical implementation of identifying the interests of stakeholders on the example of a specific municipality.The proposed material is an example of determining and scientifically substantiating the strategic priorities of a municipality on identifying the interests of stakeholders.The study of the processes of formation and determination of strategic priorities for the development of a municipality based on the identification of the interests of all interested parties should become the task of further research

    Experimental demonstration of near-infrared negative-index metamaterials

    Get PDF
    Metal-based negative refractive-index materials have been extensively studied in the microwave region. However, negative-index metamaterials have not been realized at near-IR or visible frequencies due to difficulties of fabrication and to the generally poor optical properties of metals at these wavelengths. In this Letter, we report the first fabrication and experimental verification of a transversely structured metal-dielectricmetal multilayer exhibiting a negative refractive index around 2 mu m. Both the amplitude and the phase of the transmission and reflection were measured experimentally, and are in good agreement with a rigorous coupled wave analysis

    Π’ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ примСнСния Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сыров для производства ΠΏΠΈΡ†Ρ†Ρ‹

    Get PDF
    The paper presents the results of studying sensory, physico-chemical, structural-mechanical (rheological) and biochemical indicators as well as functional properties of natural cheeses of various type groups for a possibility of using as a main raw material to produce pizza. Cheeses were produced in the research-and-development shop of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheesemaking (VNIIMS) and purchased in the retail chain. Sensory indicators (taste and odor, consistency, appearance) and functional properties (shreddability, meltability, blistering, free oil release, browning, stretchability) of cheeses from various groups were assessed by 100-point scale for assessing cheeses for pizza developed in VNIIMS. Shreddability was determined before baking by grinding a cheese sample chilled to a temperature of 4 Β± 2 Β°C using a kitchen food grinder. Cheeses were baked at a temperature of 200 Β± 5 Β°C for 12 min. Meltability was determined by changes in the cheese diameter after high-temperature treatment and stretchability by the β€œfork test”. It has been found that physico-chemical, structural-mechanical and biochemical indicators of cheeses used as a raw material affected sensory characteristics and functional properties of the final product after baking. The correlation between the fat content, protein mass fraction and active acidity of cheeses and functional properties such as meltability, free oil release, stretchability and shreddability was confirmed with statistical significance. The highest correlation was noted between shreddability, mass fraction of total protein and consistency (correlation coefficients were 0.74 and 0.76, respectively). However, none of the studied cheese types corresponded to the full extent to the targeted functional properties. To produce pizza, it is preferable to use cheeses with cheddaring and thermal-mechanical processing of cheese mass as well as unripened semihard cheeses with low temperature of the second heating that are molded from a layer, and semihard cheeses with high temperature of the second heating.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдставлСны Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдования органолСптичСских, Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-химичСских, структурно-мСханичСских (рСологичСских) ΠΈ биохимичСских ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… свойств Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сыров Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ для возмоТности использования Π² качСствС основного ΡΡ‹Ρ€ΡŒΡ с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ производства ΠΏΠΈΡ†Ρ†Ρ‹. Π‘Ρ‹Ρ€Ρ‹ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ†Π΅Ρ…Π΅ Π’ΠΠ˜Π˜ΠœΠ‘ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ сСти. ΠžΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ (вкус ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ…, консистСнция, внСшний Π²ΠΈΠ΄) ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ свойства (Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ блистСров, Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ свободного ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π°, ΡΠ³ΠΎΡ€Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ) сыров Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ 100- балльной шкалС ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ сыров для ΠΏΠΈΡ†Ρ†Ρ‹, Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎ Π’ΠΠ˜Π˜ΠœΠ‘. ΠΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ опрСдСляли Π΄ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡŒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ…Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ 4 Β± 2 Β°C ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π° сыра Π½Π° ΠΊΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡŒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΏΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Π’Ρ‹ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΊΡƒ сыров ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ 200 Β± 5 Β°C Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 12 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. ΠŸΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ опрСдСляли ΠΏΠΎ измСнСнию Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Π° сыра послС высокотСмпСратурной ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ, Π° Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ β€” с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ тСста. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-химичСскиС, структурно-мСханичСскиС ΠΈ биохимичСскиС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ сыров, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π² качСствС ΡΡ‹Ρ€ΡŒΡ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° органолСптичСскиС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ свойства ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π° послС Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΊΠΈ. БтатистичСски достовСрно ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° взаимосвязь ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ содСрТаниСм ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π°, массовой Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ сыров ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ свойствами, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ свободного ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π°, Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‚ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ. НаибольшСС взаимодСйствиС ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, массовой Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ консистСнциСй (коэффициСнт коррСляции Ρ€Π°Π²Π΅Π½ 0,74 ΠΈ 0,76 соотвСтствСнно). Однако Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· исслСдованных Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² сыра Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ Π½Π΅ соотвСтствуСт искомым Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ свойствам. Для производства ΠΏΠΈΡ†Ρ†Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ сыры с Ρ‡Π΅Π΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ тСрмомСханичСской ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΉ сырной массы, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Ρ€Π΅Π»Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄Ρ‹Π΅ сыры с Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ нагрСвания, Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ· пласта, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄Ρ‹Π΅ сыры с высокой Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ нагрСвания

    ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° микробиологичСских рисков Π² сливках ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡ‹Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅ для маслодСлия

    Get PDF
    The article presents the research results of studying the influence of various groups of microorganisms β€” coliform bacteria, lactic acid microorganisms, yeast, and spore bacteria β€” on the quality and storage capacity of cream used as a raw material for buttermaking. The objects of study were the following: cream as a raw material before and after pasteurization, as well as pasteurized cream seeded with testing cultures of various types of spoilage microorganisms. The samples were stored at temperature conditions of 30 Β± 1 Β°C, 10 Β± 1 Β°C, and 4 Β± 2 Β°C. To evaluate the quality and storage capacity of cream used as a raw material, its microbiological and physicochemical indicators were determined by standardized methods: bacterial number, titratable acidity, indicators of oxidative spoilage of the fat phase. Organoleptic characteristics were evaluated in terms of taste, consistency and appearance. Research results have shown that the greatest microbiological risks during storage of cream used as a raw material are associated with lactococci, coliform bacteria and yeast. Microbiological risks caused by seeding of cream with thermophilic streptococcus, spore bacteria of the genus Bacillus and spore anaerobic microorganisms of the genus Clostridium are less significant, which is associated with the lack of development and metabolism of these groups of microorganisms at storage temperatures of 10 Β± 1 Β°C and 4 Β± 2 Β°C. At the same time, the reason for the rejection of cream contaminated with these testing cultures, at a storage temperature of 4 Β± 2 Β°C, is primarily a decrease in organoleptic indicators, and at a temperature of 10 Β± 1 Β°C β€” an excess in bacterial number.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдставлСны Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдований ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ влияния Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²: Π‘Π“ΠšΠŸ, молочнокислых ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ, споровых Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° качСство ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ сливок-ΡΡ‹Ρ€ΡŒΡ для маслодСлия. Π’ качСствС ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² исслСдования слуТили: сливки-ΡΡ‹Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈ послС пастСризации, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ сливки пастСризованныС, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ тСст-ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‡ΠΈ. Π₯Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² осущСствляли ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ… 30 Β± 1 Β°C, 10 Β± 1 Β°C ΠΈ 4 Β± 2 Β°C. Для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ качСства ΠΈ хранимоспособности сливок-ΡΡ‹Ρ€ΡŒΡ стандартизованными ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ опрСдСляли ΠΈΡ… микробиологичСскиС ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-химичСскиС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ: Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π·Ρ‹. ΠžΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ вкусу, консистСнции ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡƒ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρƒ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдований ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ наибольшиС микробиологичСскиС риски ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ сырых сливок связаны с Π»Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π‘Π“ΠšΠŸ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ риски, обусловлСнныС обсСмСнСниСм сливок Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ стрСптококком, споровыми бактСриями Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° Bacillus ΠΈ споровыми анаэробными ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° Clostridium, ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ связано с отсутствиСм развития ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ… хранСния 10 Β± 1 Β°C ΠΈ 4 Β± 2 Β°C. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом основаниСм для Π·Π°Π±Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ сливок, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ тСст-ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ хранСния 4 Β± 2 Β°C Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ являСтся сниТСниС органолСптичСских ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ 10 Β± 1 Β°C β€” ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ обсСмСнСнности

    ИсслСдованиС состава остаточной ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° послС пастСризации

    Get PDF
    The article presents the results of studies of the composition of the residual microflora of pasteurized milk, depending on the bacterial landscape and the initial contamination of raw milk. The thermal stability of testΒ  cultures of microorganisms that significantly affect theΒ  quality andΒ  storage capacity of fermented dairy products has beenΒ  studied. To studyΒ  theΒ  composition of theΒ  residual microflora of milk afterΒ  pasteurization, sterile milk was infected withΒ  testΒ  cultures of microorganisms at dosesΒ  fromΒ  101 CFU/cm3 to 107 CFU/cm3. After infection, theΒ  milk was pasteurized at temperatures of (72 Β± 1) Β°C andΒ  (80 Β± 1) Β°C withΒ  a holding timeΒ  of 10–20Β  seconds. The detection andΒ  enumeration of microorganisms was carried outΒ  by standardized microbiological methods. Microorganisms were identified by visual assessment of dominant colonies and cell morphology in micropreparations. The thermal stability of microorganisms important for dairy products, in particular cheeses, the source of whichΒ  is raw milk, has beenΒ  studied. It has beenΒ  established that of theΒ  coccalΒ  forms,Β  theΒ  greatest risks are associated withΒ  enterococci. Escherichia coli atΒ  infection dosesΒ  above 106 CFU/cm3 partially retains viability bothΒ  at low-temperature andΒ  at high-temperature pasteurization. Pasteurization temperatures do not haveΒ  a lethal effect on sporeΒ  bacilli, their number in pasteurized milk does not decrease, regardless of theΒ  initial dose of infection. Low-temperature pasteurization activates the process of clostridial sporeΒ  germination. The ability to reactivate cells afterΒ  thermal shock was observed in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, andΒ  moldΒ  fungi.Β  Thus,Β  theΒ  residual microflora of milkΒ  subjected toΒ  low-temperature pasteurization is represented by enterococci, thermophilic streptococci, micrococci, staphylococci, asporogenous bacilliΒ  andΒ  spore bacteria. The above microorganisms constituteΒ  theΒ  residual microflora of pasteurized milk and are involved in theΒ  maturation of cheeses, determining their quality andΒ  safety,Β  [as well as] affecting theΒ  storage capacity of the finished product.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдставлСны  Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдований состава остаточной ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Β  пастСризованного ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ·Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈ исходной обсСмСнСнности сырого  ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ тСст-ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π½Π° качСство ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ…Β  ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Для  исслСдования состава остаточной ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° послС  пастСризации ΡΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ тСст-ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²Β  Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚Β  101 ΠšΠžΠ•/см3 Π΄ΠΎ 107 ΠšΠžΠ•/см3.Β  ПослС  зараТСния ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ пастСризовали ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΒ  Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ… (72 Β± 1)Β  Β°C ΠΈΒ  (80 Β± 1) Β°C с Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΉ 10–20Β  сСкунд.Β  ВыявлСниС ΠΈΒ  подсчСт ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²Β  осущСствляли стандартизованными микробиологичСскими ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π˜Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ…. ИсслСдована Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… для  ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ², Π² частности сыров,Β  источником ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… являСтся сыроС  ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΒ  наибольшиС риски  связаны с энтСрококками. ΠšΠΈΡˆΠ΅Ρ‡Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ…Β  зараТСния Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ 106 ΠšΠžΠ•/см3Β  частично сохраняСт ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ высокотСмпСратурной пастСризации. На споровыС ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ пастСризации  Π½Π΅Β  ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ дСйствия, ΠΈΡ…Β  количСство Π² пастСризованном ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ сниТаСтся, нСзависимо ΠΎΡ‚ исходной Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹Β  зараТСния. НизкотСмпСратурная пастСризация Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ процСсс прорастания спор  клостридий. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ послС Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΡˆΠΎΠΊΠ° наблюдалась Ρƒ ΠΊΠΈΡˆΠ΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ, стафилококка, псСвдомонад ΠΈ плСснСвых Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, остаточная ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π½ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ пастСризации, прСдставлСна  энтСрококками, Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ стрСптококком, ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, стафилококками, аспорогСнными ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΒ  споровыми бактСриями.Β  Π’Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ‹Β  ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ пастСризованного ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π² процСссах созрСвания сыров, опрСдСляя ΠΈΡ… качСство ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Π°

    ИсслСдованиС влияния ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ состава плСснСвой ΠΈ заквасочной ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ органолСптичСских ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ мягких сыров

    Get PDF
    The article presents the results of a study of the characteristics of growth, incl. joint, mold cultures of Penicillium camembΠ΅rti and yeast-like fungi of Geotrichum candidum on a dense nutrient medium and the regularities of changes in the organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of Camembert-type cheeses in the process of production, ripening and storage, depending on the combinations of bacterial and mold starter microflora. The objects of the study were the cultures of Penicillium camembΠ΅rti and Geotrichum candidum, cheeses with white mold, made according to the type of β€œCamembert” cheese, produced from cow’s milk with mesophilic and thermophilic fermenting microflora, mold cultures of Penicillium camembΠ΅rti and yeast-like fungi of Geotrichum candidum. The study of cheeses was carried out in the process of ripening and storage after 15, 30, 60 days from the date of manufacture. It was found that when Penicillium camembΠ΅rti and Geotrichum candidum were co-cultivated on Petri dishes, visual assessment showed a symbiotic effect of culture development, which manifests itself in the stimulating effect of yeast-like fungi on the growth of mold fungi compared to the cultivation of each culture separately. Under the conditions of the experiment carried out, the main mold culture influencing the organoleptic characteristics of the cheese was the mold culture of Penicillium camemberti. The combination of mold cultures did not affect the improvement of the organoleptic characteristics of the cheeses. It is shown that the composition of the main acid-forming starter microflora, both mesophilic and thermophilic, has a significant effect on the lactic acid process and flavoring of Camembert-type cheese. The cheeses produced on the basis of mesophilic starter microflora were distinguished by an accelerated ripening process and less storage capacity due to deeper proteolysis. At the same time, cheeses produced on the basis of thermophilic fermenting microflora retained quality stability for up to 60 days. Thus, the use of various combinations of starter cultures will make it possible to create a flavor line of cheeses with white mold, depending on consumer preferences with different storage capacity.Π’Β ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдставлСны Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдования особСнностСй роста, Π²Β Ρ‚.Β Ρ‡. совмСстного, плСснСвых ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ Penicillium camembΠ΅rti ΠΈΒ Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠ² Geotrichum candidum Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ срСдС, Π°Β  Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ закономСрностСй измСнСния органолСптичСских, Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-химичСских ΠΈΒ  микробиологичСских характСристик сыров Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠšΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ±Π΅Ρ€ в процСссС Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ, созрСвания и хранСния в зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ и плСснСвой заквасочной ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹. В качСствС ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² исслСдования использовали ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Penicillium camembΠ΅rti ΠΈΒ Geotrichum candidum, сыры с бСлой плСсСнью, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΡƒ сыра Β«ΠšΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ±Π΅Ρ€Β», Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΡŒΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΒ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΒ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ заквасочной ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ, плСснСвыми ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Penicillium camembΠ΅rti ΠΈΒ Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Geotrichum candidum. ИсслСдованиС сыров ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ в процСссС созрСвания и хранСния Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· 15, 30, 60 суток с момСнта изготовлСния. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ совмСстном ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Penicillium camembΠ΅rti ΠΈΒ Geotrichum candidum Π½Π° Ρ‡Π°ΡˆΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠŸΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ симбиотичСский эффСкт развития ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π²Β ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ влиянии Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° рост плСснСвых Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с  ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ. Π’Β  условиях ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ экспСримСнта основной плСснСвой ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ влияниС Π½Π° органолСптичСскиС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ сыра, явилась плСснСвая ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° Penicillium camembΠ΅rti. ΠšΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ плСснСвых ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° влияния Π½Π° ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ органолСптичСских ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ сыров. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ состав основной ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ заквасочной ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈΒ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ влияниС Π½Π° молочнокислый процСсс и вкусообразованиС сыра Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° Β«ΠšΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ±Π΅Ρ€Β». Π‘Ρ‹Ρ€Ρ‹, Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° основС ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ заквасочной ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ ускорСнным процСссом созрСвания и мСньшСй Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Π·Π° счСт Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠžΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ сыры, Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π° основС Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ заквасочной ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π»ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹, сохраняли ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ качСства Π΄ΠΎ 60 суток. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, использованиС Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ заквасочных ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΊΡƒΡΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠΊΡƒ сыров с бСлой плСсСнью в зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ с разной Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ

    Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ возмоТности Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄Ρ‹Ρ… сыров ΠΈΠ· Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ козьСго ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°

    Get PDF
    The article presents the results of a study of the quality indicators of semi-hard cheeses produced from defrosted goat’s milk. Natural and defrosted goat’s milk, semi-hard cheeses with a low temperature of the second heating were used as objects of research. Studies of defrosted goat’s milk were carried out after 6Β±1 days of its storage at a temperature of minus 18Β°C and subsequent defrosting at a temperature of 37Β±2Β°C for 60 minutes; natural goat’s milk β€” after storage for 24Β±12 hours at a temperature of 4Β±2Β°C. It was found that milk freezing and its subsequent defrosting did not affect the chemical composition of milk and the total content of microorganisms, but the number of somatic cells decreased. Cheeses were produced according to the traditional technological scheme of semi-hard cheese using a bulk mesophilic-thermophilic bacterial starter culture. There was no significant effect of the freezing process of goat’s milk on its technological properties: the duration of curd formation in both variants was (30Β±1) min, the duration of processing of cheese grain was (90Β±2) min. The level of syneresis was (55Β±2)% in the control, (55Β±6)% β€” in the test versions and was in the range of error of the method. The degree of transition of dry matter to whey was: in the control β€” (7.26Β±0.21)%, in the test β€” (7.21Β±0.32)%. It was found that there were no differences in the degree of proteolysis in cheeses during ripening. The values of the acidity the content of available fat in the cheeses of both variants was comparable. The organoleptic characteristics of cheeses at the standard age of 60 days had similar characteristics, both in terms of the degree of intensity of the cheese taste, and in the taste notes of β€œzest” and β€œspice”, typical of goat’s milk cheeses. The cheese texture of both variants was characterized as β€œhomogeneous, moderately dense”. It has been established that the process of freezing goat’s milk does not reduce its cheese properties and the qualitative characteristics of the semi-hard cheese produced from it.Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ прСдставлСны Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдования ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ качСства ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄Ρ‹Ρ… сыров, Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ· дСфростированного козьСго ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π’ качСствС ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² изучСния использовали Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ дСфростированноС козьС ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄Ρ‹Π΅ сыры с Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ нагрСвания. ИсслСдования дСфростированного козьСго ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· 6Β±1 сут Π΅Π³ΠΎ хранСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ минус 18Β°C с Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ дСфростациСй ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ 37Β±2Β°C Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 60 ΠΌΠΈΠ½; состав Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ козьСго ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° рассматривался послС хранСния Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 24Β±12 Ρ‡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ 4Β±2Β°C. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ дСфростация Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ влияния Π½Π° химичСский состав ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π΅ содСрТаниС ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ количСство соматичСских ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ. Π‘Ρ‹Ρ€Ρ‹ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ тСхнологичСской схСмС ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сыра с использованиСм производствСнной ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ закваски. НС Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ выявлСно Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ влияния процСсса замораТивания козьСго ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ тСхнологичСскиС свойства: ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ образования сгустка Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ… Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ… составляла (30Β±1) ΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ сырного Π·Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° β€” (90Β±2) ΠΌΠΈΠ½. Π£Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ синСрСзиса составил Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅ (55Β±2)%, Π² ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ… β€” (55Β±6)% ΠΈ находился Π² ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π‘Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° сухих вСщСств Π² сыворотку составила: Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅ β€” (7,26Β±0,21)%, Π² ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π΅ β€” (7,21Β±0,32)%. Π‘Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ установлСно отсутствиС Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΉ Π² стСпСни ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² сырах ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ созрСвании. ЗначСния кислотности ΠΆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ Π² сырах ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ Π² сравнСнии с сырами ΠΈΠ· дСфростированного ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π² срСднСм Π½Π° 15%, Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΡ‹ измСнСния кислотности ΠΆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„Π°Π·Ρ‹ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом содСрТаниС доступного ΠΆΠΈΡ€Π° Π² сырах ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ… Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ сопоставимо. ΠžΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ сыров Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ возрастС 60 сут ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ схоТиС характСристики ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ стСпСни выраТСнности сырного вкуса, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ для сыров ΠΈΠ· козьСго ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° вкусовым Π½ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΠΌ «острота» ΠΈ Β«ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΒ». ΠšΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ сыров ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ… Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ однородная, ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ плотная. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ процСсс замораТивания козьСго ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ сниТаСт Π΅Π³ΠΎ сыропригодныС свойства ΠΈ качСствСнныС характСристики Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сыра
    • …
    corecore