56 research outputs found
STUDY OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MILK FOR CHEESE PRODUCTION
The article shows that the studied samples of raw milk in terms of composition (mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose and milk solids-not-fat) met the criteria of suitability for cheese, and its physic-chemical properties (titratable acidity, density, freezing point) were within acceptable limits. Moreover, rennet sample corresponded to the first and second classes. It was proved that the number of spores of lactating fermenting microorganisms met the requirements for milk for the production of any kind of cheese. It was established that the fatty acid composition of raw cowβs milk used to produce cheeses at various enterprises varied significantly. The data indicate the variability of the content of all groups of fatty acids β low molecular weight, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. As a result of gas chromatography studies using the chromatographic complex Β«Chromos GX-1000Β» with a flame ionization detector and a CP 88 quartz capillary column β Sil 88 for FAME100 m Γ 0.25 mm Γ 0.2 Β΅m, it was found that the largest absolute fluctuations were for saturated (Β± 7.03 % of the average value) and monounsaturated fatty acids (Β± 3.77 % of the average value). Absolute fluctuations in the group of low molecular weight fatty acids amounted to Β± 2.62 %, and in the group of polyunsaturated β Β± 1.02 % of the average value. The calculation of the relative deviation showed that the most varied groups were the ones of low molecular weight fatty acids (Β± 28.40 rel.%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Β± 25.11 rel.%). At the same time, a relatively high content of certain fatty acids: myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic and low levels of stearic and oleic fatty acids, was revealed in individual milk samples.The article shows that the studied samples of raw milk in terms of composition (mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose and milk solids-not-fat) met the criteria of suitability for cheese, and its physic-chemical properties (titratable acidity, density, freezing point) were within acceptable limits. Moreover, rennet sample corresponded to the first and second classes. It was proved that the number of spores of lactating fermenting microorganisms met the requirements for milk for the production of any kind of cheese. It was established that the fatty acid composition of raw cowβs milk used to produce cheeses at various enterprises varied significantly. The data indicate the variability of the content of all groups of fatty acids β low molecular weight, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. As a result of gas chromatography studies using the chromatographic complex Β«Chromos GX-1000Β» with a flame ionization detector and a CP 88 quartz capillary column β Sil 88 for FAME100 m Γ 0.25 mm Γ 0.2 Β΅m, it was found that the largest absolute fluctuations were for saturated (Β± 7.03 % of the average value) and monounsaturated fatty acids (Β± 3.77 % of the average value). Absolute fluctuations in the group of low molecular weight fatty acids amounted to Β± 2.62 %, and in the group of polyunsaturated β Β± 1.02 % of the average value. The calculation of the relative deviation showed that the most varied groups were the ones of low molecular weight fatty acids (Β± 28.40 rel.%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Β± 25.11 rel.%). At the same time, a relatively high content of certain fatty acids: myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic and low levels of stearic and oleic fatty acids, was revealed in individual milk samples
Research on the possibility of extending the shelf life of cheese raw material and heat-treated cheese by their freezing for further use in HoReCa
The article presents the results of a study of the regularities of changes in the functional properties and quality indicators of heat-treated cheeses made from frozen cheese raw material or frozen after thermomechanical processing for further use in HoReCa. The objects of the study were: Caliatta cheese β a semi-hard ripening cheese intended as the main raw material in the production of heat-treated cheese, as well as heat-treated Β«pizzacheeseΒ», subjected to freezing at temperatures of minus 14 Β±2 Β°Cand minus 55 Β±2 Β°Cand low-temperature storage at a temperature of minus 14 Β±2 Β°Cfor 270 days, followed by defrosting at a temperature of 20 Β±2 Β°C. To confirm the possibility of using the freezing technique in order to increase the shelf life of both the original cheese raw material and heat-treated cheese, their microbiological and physicochemical indicators were determined by standardized methods. Studies of structural and mechanical (rheological) properties were carried out on a Weissenberg rheogoniometer, recording changes in the elastic modulus (Gβ) and dynamic viscosity (hβ). The length of the cheese thread, as one of the main functional properties of the Β«pizza-cheeseΒ», was assessed with a fork test after baking. Organoleptic characteristics were assessed by flavor, texture and appearance. Research results have shown that low-temperature storage of frozen cheese can be considered as a way to retard biological and physicochemical changes, which is a safe way to increase shelf life. Freezing cheese raw material increases the length of the cheese thread in proportion to the temperature and duration of the low-temperature storage. When obtaining heat-treated cheese from both unfrozen and frozen cheese raw material, a significant deterioration in the desired functional properties is observed. Thus, the receipt of heat-treated cheese from the original cheese raw material for further use in the production of pizza is justified only by economic feasibility. Freezing Β«pizza-cheeseΒ» at a temperature of minus 55 Β±2 Β°C, made from unfrozen cheese raw material, ensures the preservation of functional properties and increases the shelf life up to 150 days
Strategic Priorities of Municipal Development Based on Identifying the Interests of Stakeholders: Methodological Approaches and Practical Implementation
The formation of documents for strategic planning of socio-economic development is the most important task of regional and municipal governments. It can be stated that strategic planning processes have been launched throughout the country and the process of forming these documents is active at both the regional and municipal levels. However, the issues of determining, studying, and taking into account the views of interested parties when forming the goals and priorities of socio-economic development of administrative-territorial entities require methodological support and recommendations for practical implementation. In this article, an attempt is made to reveal methodological approaches and solve issues of practical implementation of identifying the interests of stakeholders on the example of a specific municipality.The proposed material is an example of determining and scientifically substantiating the strategic priorities of a municipality on identifying the interests of stakeholders.The study of the processes of formation and determination of strategic priorities for the development of a municipality based on the identification of the interests of all interested parties should become the task of further research
Experimental demonstration of near-infrared negative-index metamaterials
Metal-based negative refractive-index materials have been extensively studied in the microwave region. However, negative-index metamaterials have not been realized at near-IR or visible frequencies due to difficulties of fabrication and to the generally poor optical properties of metals at these wavelengths. In this Letter, we report the first fabrication and experimental verification of a transversely structured metal-dielectricmetal multilayer exhibiting a negative refractive index around 2 mu m. Both the amplitude and the phase of the transmission and reflection were measured experimentally, and are in good agreement with a rigorous coupled wave analysis
ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ
The paper presents the results of studying sensory, physico-chemical, structural-mechanical (rheological) and biochemical indicators as well as functional properties of natural cheeses of various type groups for a possibility of using as a main raw material to produce pizza. Cheeses were produced in the research-and-development shop of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Butter- and Cheesemaking (VNIIMS) and purchased in the retail chain. Sensory indicators (taste and odor, consistency, appearance) and functional properties (shreddability, meltability, blistering, free oil release, browning, stretchability) of cheeses from various groups were assessed by 100-point scale for assessing cheeses for pizza developed in VNIIMS. Shreddability was determined before baking by grinding a cheese sample chilled to a temperature of 4 Β± 2 Β°C using a kitchen food grinder. Cheeses were baked at a temperature of 200 Β± 5 Β°C for 12 min. Meltability was determined by changes in the cheese diameter after high-temperature treatment and stretchability by the βfork testβ. It has been found that physico-chemical, structural-mechanical and biochemical indicators of cheeses used as a raw material affected sensory characteristics and functional properties of the final product after baking. The correlation between the fat content, protein mass fraction and active acidity of cheeses and functional properties such as meltability, free oil release, stretchability and shreddability was confirmed with statistical significance. The highest correlation was noted between shreddability, mass fraction of total protein and consistency (correlation coefficients were 0.74 and 0.76, respectively). However, none of the studied cheese types corresponded to the full extent to the targeted functional properties. To produce pizza, it is preferable to use cheeses with cheddaring and thermal-mechanical processing of cheese mass as well as unripened semihard cheeses with low temperature of the second heating that are molded from a layer, and semihard cheeses with high temperature of the second heating.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
(ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
) ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ. Π‘ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π΅ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ (Π²ΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ, Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° (Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ) ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ 100- Π±Π°Π»Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ
Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ 4 Β± 2 Β°C ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΡΡ
ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 200 Β± 5 Β°C Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 12 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. ΠΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ β Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ 0,74 ΠΈ 0,76 ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ). ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ
The article presents the research results of studying the influence of various groups of microorganisms β coliform bacteria, lactic acid microorganisms, yeast, and spore bacteria β on the quality and storage capacity of cream used as a raw material for buttermaking. The objects of study were the following: cream as a raw material before and after pasteurization, as well as pasteurized cream seeded with testing cultures of various types of spoilage microorganisms. The samples were stored at temperature conditions of 30 Β± 1 Β°C, 10 Β± 1 Β°C, and 4 Β± 2 Β°C. To evaluate the quality and storage capacity of cream used as a raw material, its microbiological and physicochemical indicators were determined by standardized methods: bacterial number, titratable acidity, indicators of oxidative spoilage of the fat phase. Organoleptic characteristics were evaluated in terms of taste, consistency and appearance. Research results have shown that the greatest microbiological risks during storage of cream used as a raw material are associated with lactococci, coliform bacteria and yeast. Microbiological risks caused by seeding of cream with thermophilic streptococcus, spore bacteria of the genus Bacillus and spore anaerobic microorganisms of the genus Clostridium are less significant, which is associated with the lack of development and metabolism of these groups of microorganisms at storage temperatures of 10 Β± 1 Β°C and 4 Β± 2 Β°C. At the same time, the reason for the rejection of cream contaminated with these testing cultures, at a storage temperature of 4 Β± 2 Β°C, is primarily a decrease in organoleptic indicators, and at a temperature of 10 Β± 1 Β°C β an excess in bacterial number.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²: ΠΠΠΠ, ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΊ-ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ: ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ-ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π₯ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
30 Β± 1 Β°C, 10 Β± 1 Β°C ΠΈ 4 Β± 2 Β°C. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΊ-ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ: Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ. ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΠΠΠ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Bacillus ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Clostridium, ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 10 Β± 1 Β°C ΠΈ 4 Β± 2 Β°C. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 4 Β± 2 Β°C Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 10 Β± 1 Β°C β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
The article presents the results of studies of the composition of the residual microflora of pasteurized milk, depending on the bacterial landscape and the initial contamination of raw milk. The thermal stability of testΒ cultures of microorganisms that significantly affect theΒ quality andΒ storage capacity of fermented dairy products has beenΒ studied. To studyΒ theΒ composition of theΒ residual microflora of milk afterΒ pasteurization, sterile milk was infected withΒ testΒ cultures of microorganisms at dosesΒ fromΒ 101 CFU/cm3 to 107 CFU/cm3. After infection, theΒ milk was pasteurized at temperatures of (72 Β± 1) Β°C andΒ (80 Β± 1) Β°C withΒ a holding timeΒ of 10β20Β seconds. The detection andΒ enumeration of microorganisms was carried outΒ by standardized microbiological methods. Microorganisms were identified by visual assessment of dominant colonies and cell morphology in micropreparations. The thermal stability of microorganisms important for dairy products, in particular cheeses, the source of whichΒ is raw milk, has beenΒ studied. It has beenΒ established that of theΒ coccalΒ forms,Β theΒ greatest risks are associated withΒ enterococci. Escherichia coli atΒ infection dosesΒ above 106 CFU/cm3 partially retains viability bothΒ at low-temperature andΒ at high-temperature pasteurization. Pasteurization temperatures do not haveΒ a lethal effect on sporeΒ bacilli, their number in pasteurized milk does not decrease, regardless of theΒ initial dose of infection. Low-temperature pasteurization activates the process of clostridial sporeΒ germination. The ability to reactivate cells afterΒ thermal shock was observed in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, andΒ moldΒ fungi.Β Thus,Β theΒ residual microflora of milkΒ subjected toΒ low-temperature pasteurization is represented by enterococci, thermophilic streptococci, micrococci, staphylococci, asporogenous bacilliΒ andΒ spore bacteria. The above microorganisms constituteΒ theΒ residual microflora of pasteurized milk and are involved in theΒ maturation of cheeses, determining their quality andΒ safety,Β [as well as] affecting theΒ storage capacity of the finished product.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΒ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΒ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ·Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Β ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»ΡΒ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Β ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²Β Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
ΠΎΡΒ 101 ΠΠΠ/ΡΠΌ3 Π΄ΠΎ 107 ΠΠΠ/ΡΠΌ3.Β ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Β Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
(72 Β± 1)Β Β°C ΠΈΒ (80 Β± 1) Β°C Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΉ 10β20Β ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄.Β ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ²Β ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»ΡΒ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²,Β ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Β ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΒ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΒ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
Β Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ 106 ΠΠΠ/ΡΠΌ3Β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ Π½Π΅Β ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡ
Β ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΡΒ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΒ ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΉ. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π°Β ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.Β ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²
The article presents the results of a study of the characteristics of growth, incl. joint, mold cultures of Penicillium camembΠ΅rti and yeast-like fungi of Geotrichum candidum on a dense nutrient medium and the regularities of changes in the organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of Camembert-type cheeses in the process of production, ripening and storage, depending on the combinations of bacterial and mold starter microflora. The objects of the study were the cultures of Penicillium camembΠ΅rti and Geotrichum candidum, cheeses with white mold, made according to the type of βCamembertβ cheese, produced from cowβs milk with mesophilic and thermophilic fermenting microflora, mold cultures of Penicillium camembΠ΅rti and yeast-like fungi of Geotrichum candidum. The study of cheeses was carried out in the process of ripening and storage after 15, 30, 60 days from the date of manufacture. It was found that when Penicillium camembΠ΅rti and Geotrichum candidum were co-cultivated on Petri dishes, visual assessment showed a symbiotic effect of culture development, which manifests itself in the stimulating effect of yeast-like fungi on the growth of mold fungi compared to the cultivation of each culture separately. Under the conditions of the experiment carried out, the main mold culture influencing the organoleptic characteristics of the cheese was the mold culture of Penicillium camemberti. The combination of mold cultures did not affect the improvement of the organoleptic characteristics of the cheeses. It is shown that the composition of the main acid-forming starter microflora, both mesophilic and thermophilic, has a significant effect on the lactic acid process and flavoring of Camembert-type cheese. The cheeses produced on the basis of mesophilic starter microflora were distinguished by an accelerated ripening process and less storage capacity due to deeper proteolysis. At the same time, cheeses produced on the basis of thermophilic fermenting microflora retained quality stability for up to 60 days. Thus, the use of various combinations of starter cultures will make it possible to create a flavor line of cheeses with white mold, depending on consumer preferences with different storage capacity.ΠΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π²Β Ρ.Β Ρ. ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Penicillium camembΠ΅rti ΠΈΒ Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠ² Geotrichum candidum Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ±Π΅Ρ Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Β Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΒ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Penicillium camembΠ΅rti ΠΈΒ Geotrichum candidum, ΡΡΡΡ ΡΒ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΡΡΠ° Β«ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ±Π΅ΡΒ», Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΒ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Penicillium camembΠ΅rti ΠΈΒ Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Geotrichum candidum. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 15, 30, 60 ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΒ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Penicillium camembΠ΅rti ΠΈΒ Geotrichum candidum Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π²Β ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΒ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΒ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° Penicillium camembΠ΅rti. ΠΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΒ Π²ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Β«ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ±Π΅ΡΒ». Π‘ΡΡΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎ 60 ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²Β Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΒ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°
The article presents the results of a study of the quality indicators of semi-hard cheeses produced from defrosted goatβs milk. Natural and defrosted goatβs milk, semi-hard cheeses with a low temperature of the second heating were used as objects of research. Studies of defrosted goatβs milk were carried out after 6Β±1 days of its storage at a temperature of minus 18Β°C and subsequent defrosting at a temperature of 37Β±2Β°C for 60 minutes; natural goatβs milk β after storage for 24Β±12 hours at a temperature of 4Β±2Β°C. It was found that milk freezing and its subsequent defrosting did not affect the chemical composition of milk and the total content of microorganisms, but the number of somatic cells decreased. Cheeses were produced according to the traditional technological scheme of semi-hard cheese using a bulk mesophilic-thermophilic bacterial starter culture. There was no significant effect of the freezing process of goatβs milk on its technological properties: the duration of curd formation in both variants was (30Β±1) min, the duration of processing of cheese grain was (90Β±2) min. The level of syneresis was (55Β±2)% in the control, (55Β±6)% β in the test versions and was in the range of error of the method. The degree of transition of dry matter to whey was: in the control β (7.26Β±0.21)%, in the test β (7.21Β±0.32)%. It was found that there were no differences in the degree of proteolysis in cheeses during ripening. The values of the acidity the content of available fat in the cheeses of both variants was comparable. The organoleptic characteristics of cheeses at the standard age of 60 days had similar characteristics, both in terms of the degree of intensity of the cheese taste, and in the taste notes of βzestβ and βspiceβ, typical of goatβs milk cheeses. The cheese texture of both variants was characterized as βhomogeneous, moderately denseβ. It has been established that the process of freezing goatβs milk does not reduce its cheese properties and the qualitative characteristics of the semi-hard cheese produced from it.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 6Β±1 ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ 18Β°C Ρ Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 37Β±2Β°C Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 60 ΠΌΠΈΠ½; ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 24Β±12 Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 4Β±2Β°C. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. Π‘ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ° Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°: ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³ΡΡΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π° (30Β±1) ΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π° β (90Β±2) ΠΌΠΈΠ½. Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ (55Β±2)%, Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
β (55Β±6)% ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΡ
ΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°: Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ β (7,26Β±0,21)%, Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ β (7,21Β±0,32)%. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° 15%, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎ. ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 60 ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Β«ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Β» ΠΈ Β«ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΒ». ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°
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