Specialized food products for the nutrition of athletes based on whey proteins

It is known that a balanced diet and the intake of specialized foods that combine various types of proteins play a key role in expanding the adaptive potential of athletes and affect the effectiveness of the training process. In recent decades, various biomedical and technological strategies have been implemented in the development of specialized food products, including those for the nutrition of athletes. Proteins of milk and whey occupy an important place among the functional ingredients. Despite the fact that the average per capita consumption of protein in the structure of the diet in the Russian Federation over the past few years has been at a satisfactory level (in 2019 — 80.4 g/day, in 2020 — 81.4 g/day), for athletes with high body weight and extremely high energy consumption (4000 kcal/day and above), these values will be insufficient. In connection with this, special attention should be paid to various protein fractions in the development of SPP at a consumption level of at least 1.2 g/kg of the athlete’s body weight daily to ensure plastic and other functions in the body, physical performance and endurance

Конечные продукты гликирования и технологические аспекты снижения иммуногенности специализированных пищевых продуктов для питания спортсменов

Food allergy, which affects about 8% of children and 5% of adults in the world, is one of the major global health problems, and allergen control is an important aspect of food safety. According to the FALCPA (Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 FDA), more than 160 foods can cause allergic reactions, with eight of them responsible for 90% of all food allergies in the United States, including milk, eggs, wheat, peanuts, soybeans, tree nuts, crustaceans and fish, also known as the Big 8. Most foods that are sources of obligate allergens are heat treated before consumption, which can trigger the Maillard reaction, which produces glycation end products. Symptoms of food sensitization are known to significantly affect the quality of life, gut microbial diversity and adaptation potential. In particular, in athletes, this can be expressed in a decrease in the effectiveness of the training process, which leads to poor endurance and athletic performance. In this regard, it seems relevant to study the effect of the Maillard reaction and AGEs on the immunogenicity of proteins and the possible relationship between these compounds and food allergy, as well as to develop measures to prevent the adverse effect of allergens on the body of a professional athlete and any other consumer.Пищевая аллергия, которой страдают около 8% детей и 5% взрослых в мире, является одной из основных проблем мирового здравоохранения, а контроль аллергенов — важным аспектом безопасности пищевых продуктов. Согласно FALCPA (Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004, FDA), более 160 продуктов питания могут вызывать аллергические реакции, при этом восемь из них ответственны за 90% всех случаев пищевой аллергии. К этим продуктам относятся молоко, яйцо, пшеница, арахис, соя, орех, ракообразные и рыба, также известные как «Большая восьмерка». Большинство пищевых продуктов, являющихся источником облигатных аллергенов, подвергается термической обработке перед употреблением. Это может вызывать инициацию реакции Майяра, в ходе которой образуются конечные продукты гликации. Известно, что симптомы пищевой сенсибилизации значительно влияют на качество жизни, разнообразие кишечного микробиома и адаптационный потенциал. В частности у спортсменов это может выражаться в снижении эффективности тренировочного процесса, что приводит к ухудшению показателей выносливости и спортивной производительности. В связи с этим представляется актуальным изучение влияния реакции Майяра и AGEs на иммуногенность белков и анализ возможной связи между этими соединениями и пищевой аллергией, а также разработка мероприятий по профилактике неблагоприятного воздействия аллергенов на организм профессионального спортсмена и любого другого потребителя

Fortification of food with micronutrients: development of methodological and regulatory framework in the Russian Federation

The available scientific literature, domestic and international regulatory codes of normative documents concerning the fortification of various types of food products have been analyzed. The groups of food products of conventional and regular consumption included into the diets of all categories of consumers, recommended for fortification with essential micronutrients, have been determined: wheat and cereal flour (spelt wheat, buckwheat, oat, corn flour, etc.); pastry; milk and dairy products, including ice cream; non-alcoholic soft drinks; mineralized drinking water; fruit and vegetable juices; fat and oil products (vegetable oils, margarines, spreads, mayonnaise); confectionery and sweets (pastry, sugar, chocolate); cereals (breakfast cereals, muesli, ready-to-eat extruded cereals, instant pasta and cereals, mixtures for bakery, flour for sweet pastry); food concentrates (jelly, instant drinks, concentrates of sweet foods, instant food, instant cereal concentrates); table salt. The groups of food products assigned for certain categories of population are used as part of therapeutic diets for patients with various diseases (metabolic disorder syndrome, cardio-vascular system pathology with atherosclerotic vascular injury, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gastrointestinal tract diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetic nephropathy, etc.), as well as assigned to reduce the risk of diseases developing, the nutrients are recommended for targeted fortification of certain types of food. Examples of micronutrients fortification of sausages and minced meat semifinished products are given below. Requirements for fortification of mass consumption food products and for fortification of foods for special dietary uses are formulated in this article, the amount of fortifying components in the various groups of food products are justified, ensuring their efficiency for improving the micronutrient status and safety of its consumption. Based on the analysis of the available scientific literature, domestic and international regulatory framework of normative documents on fortification of various types of food products, recommendations have been developed for fortification of food with micronutrients