CP violation in supersymmetric theories

We review the present status of CP violating problem in supersymmetric extensions of the standard model. We analyze the constraints imposed by the experimental limits of the electron, neutron, and mercury electric dipole moments on the supersymmetric CP phases and show that only the scenarios with flavour-off- diagonal CP violation remain attractive. These scenarios require hermitian Yukawa matrices which naturally arise in models with left-right symmetry or a SU(3) flavour symmetry. In this case, epsilon_K and epsilon'/epsilon can be saturated by a small non-universality of the soft scalar masses through the gluino and chargino contributions respectively. The model also predicts a strong correlation between A_{CP}(b-> s gamma) and the neutron electric dipole moment. In this framework, the standard model gives a the leading contribution to the CP asymmetry in B ->psi K_S decay, while the dominant chargino contribution to this asymmetry is < 0.2. Thus, no constraint is set on the non-universality of this model by the recent BaBar and Belle measureets.Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures. Invited review article for International Journal of Modern Physics

Effects of suprathermal electrons on the proton temperature anisotropy in space plasmas: Electromagnetic ion-cyclotron instability

In collision-poor plasmas from space, e.g., the solar wind and planetary magnetospheres, the kinetic anisotropy of the plasma particles is expected to be regulated by the kinetic instabilities. Driven by an excess of ion (proton) temperature perpendicular to the magnetic field $(~T_\perp >T_\parallel)$, the electromagnetic ion-cyclotron (EMIC) instability is fast enough to constrain the proton anisotropy, but the observations do not conform to the instability thresholds predicted by the standard theory for bi-Maxwellian models of the plasma particles. This paper presents an extended investigation of the EMIC instability in the presence of suprathermal electrons which are ubiquitous in these environments. The analysis is based on the kinetic (Vlasov-Maxwell) theory assuming that both species, protons and electrons, may be anisotropic, and the EMIC unstable solutions are derived numerically providing an accurate description for conditions typically encountered in space plasmas. The effects of suprathermal populations are triggered by the electron anisotropy and the temperature contrast between electrons and protons. For certain conditions the anisotropy thresholds exceed the limits of the proton anisotropy measured in the solar wind considerably restraining the unstable regimes of the EMIC modes.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysics and space scienc

Quasilinear approach of the cumulative whistler instability in fast solar winds: Constraints of electron temperature anisotropy

Context. Solar outflows are a considerable source of free energy which accumulates in multiple forms like beaming (or drifting) components and/or temperature anisotropies. However, kinetic anisotropies of plasma particles do not grow indefinitely and particle-particle collisions are not efficient enough to explain the observed limits of these anisotropies. Instead, the self-generated wave instabilities can efficiently act to constrain kinetic anisotropies, but the existing approaches are simplified and do not provide satisfactory explanations. Thus, small deviations from isotropy shown by the electron temperature ($T$) in fast solar winds are not explained yet. Aims. This paper provides an advanced quasilinear description of the whistler instability driven by the anisotropic electrons in conditions typical for the fast solar winds. The enhanced whistler-like fluctuations may constrain the upper limits of temperature anisotropy $A \equiv T_\perp /T_\parallel > 1$, where $\perp, \parallel$ are defined with respect to the magnetic field direction. Methods. Studied are the self-generated whistler instabilities, cumulatively driven by the temperature anisotropy and the relative (counter)drift of the electron populations, e.g., core and halo electrons. Recent studies have shown that quasi-stable states are not bounded by the linear instability thresholds but an extended quasilinear approach is necessary to describe them in this case. Results. Marginal conditions of stability are obtained from a quasilinear theory of the cumulative whistler instability, and approach the quasi-stable states of electron populations reported by the observations.The instability saturation is determined by the relaxation of both the temperature anisotropy and the relative drift of electron populations.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&

Dual Maxwellian-Kappa modelling of the solar wind electrons: new clues on the temperature of Kappa populations

Context. Recent studies on Kappa distribution functions invoked in space plasma applications have emphasized two alternative approaches which may assume the temperature parameter either dependent or independent of the power-index $\kappa$. Each of them can obtain justification in different scenarios involving Kappa-distributed plasmas, but direct evidences supporting any of these two alternatives with measurements from laboratory or natural plasmas are not available yet. Aims. This paper aims to provide more facts on this intriguing issue from direct fitting measurements of suprathermal electron populations present in the solar wind, as well as from their destabilizing effects predicted by these two alternating approaches. Methods. Two fitting models are contrasted, namely, the global Kappa and the dual Maxwellian-Kappa models, which are currently invoked in theory and observations. The destabilizing effects of suprathermal electrons are characterized on the basis of a kinetic approach which accounts for the microscopic details of the velocity distribution. Results. In order to be relevant, the model is chosen to accurately reproduce the observed distributions and this is achieved by a dual Maxwellian-Kappa distribution function. A statistical survey indicates a $\kappa$-dependent temperature of the suprathermal (halo) electrons for any heliocentric distance. Only for this approach the instabilities driven by the temperature anisotropy are found to be systematically stimulated by the abundance of suprathermal populations, i.e., lowering the values of $\kappa$-index.Comment: Submitted to A&