RC rate generator for slow speed measurement Patent

Device utilizing RC rate generators for continuous slow speed measuremen

Finite volume solution of the compressible boundary-layer equations

A box-type finite volume discretization is applied to the integral form of the compressible boundary layer equations. Boundary layer scaling is introduced through the grid construction: streamwise grid lines follow eta = y/h = const., where y is the normal coordinate and h(x) is a scale factor proportional to the boundary layer thickness. With this grid, similarity can be applied explicity to calculate initial conditions. The finite volume method preserves the physical transparency of the integral equations in the discrete approximation. The resulting scheme is accurate, efficient, and conceptually simple. Computations for similar and non-similar flows show excellent agreement with tabulated results, solutions computed with Keller's Box scheme, and experimental data

Choosing a Magnesium Fertilizer for Pasture and Hay Fields

WVU-Extension fact shee

Managing Resistant and Other Difficult to Control Weeds

Currently, weed control is practiced to a very intensive level of management in the Midwest. Most all acres of com and soybean production are treated with one or more herbicides, and often with multiple applications of herbicides. And yet weed problems remain that cause concern to the grower, in some instances because of potential losses due to competition and harvest losses, and in other instances because of grower, landlord, and neighbor expectations for near perfect control of all weedy species in growing crops. Some of these greater expectations come as a result of product guarantees and respray programs, which are sometimes implemented when no significant problem really exists

Pigweeds of the Midwest- Distribution, Importance and Management

A number of pigweed species can be found throughout the Midwest, but we are most concerned about those species that are commonly found in cropping situations. The most common weedy pigweeds can be separated into three distinct groups according to their taxonomic characteristics and overall appearance. The first group includes some of the most common pigweeds in the Midwest: redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii)

The effect of free-stream turbulence on heat transfer to a strongly accelerated turbulent boundary layer

Free-stream turbulence effects on heat transfer to strongly accelerated turbulent boundary laye

Morphine Preferentially Activates the Periaqueductal Gray – Rostral Ventromedial Medullary Pathway in the Male Rat: A Potential Mechanism for Sex Differences in Antinociception

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), and its descending projections to the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), provide an essential neural circuit for opioid-produced antinociception. Recent anatomical studies have reported that the projections from the PAG to the RVM are sexually dimorphic and that systemic administration of morphine significantly suppresses pain-induced activation of the PAG in male but not female rats. Given that morphine antinociception is produced in part by disinhibition of PAG output neurons, it is hypothesized that a differential activation of PAG output neurons mediates the sexually dimorphic actions of morphine. The present study examined systemic morphine-induced activation of PAG-RVM neurons in the absence of pain. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) was injected into the RVM to label PAG-RVM output neurons. Activation of PAG neurons was determined by quantifying the number of Fos-positive neurons 1 h following systemic morphine administration (4.5 mg/kg). Morphine produced comparable activation of the PAG in both male and female rats, with no significant differences in either the quantitative or qualitative distribution of Fos. While microinjection of FG into the RVM labeled significantly more PAG output neurons in female rats than male rats, very few of these neurons (20%) were activated by systemic morphine administration in comparison to males (50%). The absolute number of PAG-RVM neurons activated by morphine was also greater in males. These data demonstrate widespread disinhibition of PAG neurons following morphine administration. The greater morphine-induced activation of PAG output neurons in male compared with female rats is consistent with the greater morphine-induced antinociception observed in males