CROATIAN FISHERY – HARMONIZATION OF REGULATIONS AND HOW TO ACCESS EU?

Problems in Croatian fishery that impacts on low competitiveness were well known even before harmonization process start. EU accession process put even addition emphasis on the mentioned problem. In fact, increasing competitiveness from equal situation for market participants is one of the basic functions of the EU regulation harmonization in the accession process. It is highly integrated market environment and extremely demanding due to high level of European market norms. Legal basis of the process, and at the same time criteria for Croatian legalization assessment, have been determined during screening phase - chapter 13 - fishery. Beside harmonization, changes are necessary in physical characteristics and spatial relationships, primary assuring area for fish discharge on the part of the front. It increases fishermen security, manipulation with a fish is easier, risk of contamination is low, control and compliances with the fish trade standards according to the EU standards and regulations are enabled. The paper aims to analyze national documents and acquis in fish trade (Common Market Organisation; Common Fishery Policy) and determine needs for harmonization between Croatian and EU laws and introduction of the CMO measures. The paper indicates necessary activities in harmonization of regulations and proposed institutional and administrative changes. Due to absence of regulation, changes in Croatian fishery sector will not be conducted properly and consequently it won’t have equal chances on the EU market. Therefore this subject needs to be included in governmental priorities with the objective to assure legal basis for adequate infrastructure and suprastructure. The results presented are a part of the research conducted during authors’ work on the Fishery infrastructure in accordance with EU acquis feasibility study

DIETS IN SEA BASS AND SEA BREAM REARING — DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTIVE

Početak komercijalnog uzgoja lubina u kavezima temeljen je na hranidbi modificiranom pastrvskom prešanom peletom i na dohrani mljevenom srdelom. Danas se hranidba gotovo u cijelosti temelji na ekstrudiranoj hrani koja je nutritivno prilagođena uzgoju morskih vrsta riba. Rezultati znanstvenih istraživanja dosta precizno upućuju na temeljne nutritivne potrebe lubina i komarče. Preporučeni odnos probavljivih bjelančevina i probavljive energije (DP/DE) u krmivu je, prema različitim autorima, između 19 i 21 g/MJ ili 21 i 24 MJ/kg, ovisno o uzrastu. Varijacije u rezultatima znanstvenih istraživanja proteklih godina vjerojatno su uvjetovale i znatne varijacije DP/DE u komercijalnim krmivima različitih proizvođača. Za utvrđivanje optimalnoga aminokiselinskog sastava krmiva najčešće se iskorištava sastav bjelančevina cijelog uzgajanog organizma. Relativni sadržaj masti u krmivima za lubina i komarču kreće se oko 20%. Esencijalne masne kiseline (posebno HUFA n 3) osiguravaju se dodavanjem (7%) ribljeg ulja u smjesu za izradbu krmiva. Utvrđen je sličan sastav esencijalnih masnih kiselina u ribljem ulju i u mastima mišića uzgajanih lubina i komarči. Dodatci u vitaminsko–mineralnom premiksu standardizirani su i dodaju se u pojačanim dozama samo u posebnim hranama koje mogu biti obogaćene i imunostimulansima, a namijenjene su za povremenu hranidbu radi podizanja imunosti. Za pokretanje proizvodnje hrane za uzgoj lubina i komarče, osim poznavanja nutritivnih svojstava hrane i sezonskih oscilacija fizioloških potreba uzgajanih riba, potrebno je poznavati dinamiku rasta organizama i, konačno i presudno, prilike na tržištu. Konkurencija i rastući problemi s nabavom sirovina stalno podižu godišnju minimalnu rentabilnu količinu proizvodnje pa je sada potrebno osigurati proizvodnju hrane više od 20 000 tona godišnje s naglaskom na daljnji rast minimalne rentabilne količine.Sea bass feeding, in the early beginning of cage culture activity, was based on modified trout pellets and minced sardines. Soon–after knowledge on sea bass and sea bream nutritional needs has been rapidly improved. Recommended balance between digestible proteins and digestible energy (DP/DE) in sea bass and sea bream diets according to different authors is between 19— 21 MJ/kg and 21–24 MJ/kg. Variations of optimal DP/DE in scientific publications in the past, seems to be reflected on significant variation of DP/DE in commercial diets of different producers. Simple method to estimate optimal amino acid balance in the diet is amino acid analysis of whole body protein. Fat content in feed for sea bass and sea bream is around 20 %. Required enrichment with essential fatty acids (especially HUFA n 3) is usually resolved when at least 7% of fish oil is added in the diet. Essential fatty acid (EFA) relative content in farmed sea bass and sea bream muscle fat was found to be similar to the relative content of EFA in fish oil. Vitamins–mineral premixes are standardized and given in higher concentration only in special feeds which can be enriched with immunostimulatns, and used in specific circumstances to improve immunobalance. To establish new feed production for sea bass and sea bream rearing, beside needed knowledge of nutritive value of raw materials and seasonal variations in fish demand, is important to know growth dynamics of cultured organisms and, is the most important — market situation. Competition and increased problems with quality raw material supply are constantly increasing production cost effective value. Today the margin for income–outcome equilibrium are 20 000 t, with the accent that it will be higher in coming years

ZONING OF COASTAL AREA FOR MARINE AQUACULTURE - PRESENT SITUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

Prihvaćanjem pomorske orijentacije i marikultura postaje ravnopravan partner u gospodarenju morem jer zahtijeva čiste resurse za postizanje povoljnih gospodarskih učinaka te se uklapa u djelatnosti koje su prihvatljive konceptu održivog razvoja. Postavljena u okvire sukoba interesa raznih djelatnosti za obalnu crtu, marikultura traži svoje mjesto. Jačanjem intenziteta djelatnosti u obalnom pojasu marikultura je sve više predmet raznih ciljanih rasprava, ponajviše s pozicija njezina utjecaja na okoliš. Sukob interesa u obalnom pojasu neargumentirano postavlja marikulturu u nepovoljni položaj s obzirom na turizam i industriju. Snaga argumenata leži samo u nepravilnom gospodarenju na pojedinim farmama i, radi ostvarivanja prednosti, cijelu djelatnost prikazuje u najgorem mogućem kontekstu. Marikultura je djelatnost proizvodnje zdrave hrane, koja može biti potpuno oštećena neodgovornim pristupom ostalih djelatnosti i intenzivno trpi od samoonečišćenja kao npr. i turizam. Onečišćenja prouzročena otpadnim vodama gradova, nekontroliranom turističkom aktivnošću, industrijom, pod utjecajem intenzivnog i nekontroliranog poljodjelstva u obalnom pojasu, moguća su opasnost za kvalitetu svih morskih proizvoda pa tako i proizvoda iz marikulture. Najbolji način za očuvanje visoke kvalitete morskih proizvoda može se riješiti zoniranjem obalnog pojasa i u kontekstu tog zoniranja treba odrediti zone za marikulturu. Definiranje zone s aspekta kvalitete akvatorija određujući nulto stanje, definicija pristupa obali radi postavljanja obalne infrastrukture i određivanje takvih akvatorija prostornim planovima može dovesti do izbjegavanja konflikta u iskorištavanju istih resursa u budućnosti. Prihvaćanjem lokacija prilazi se kontroli izvođenja marikulture putem programa praćenja, prepoznavanjem graničnih mjera zahvata, te definicijom mogućih korektivnih mjera, što je djelomično, ali ne i potpuno obuhvaćeno podzakonskim aktima. Postavljeno u kontekstu zaštite obnovljivih resursa u zonama marikulture potrebno je u okvirima ovlaštenih tijela provoditi praćenje štetnih utjecaja drugih djelatnosti na žive organizme u zoni za marikulturu, kontrolom otpadnih voda u zoni, kontrolom emisije u tlo u zoni (pesticidi i gnojiva), sanitarnom kontrolom mora.We already acepted that Croatian economical and geopolitical possition can bee improved only with better utilization of coastal area. Under these conditions mariculture also makes a part od sea master plan because demands for mariculture are focused on clean environmental conditions to obtain economic benefits. Increased pressure to the coastal area is global trend and if not planed and organized can provoke conflicts and can affect further development. Under these condition, marine aquaculture is frequent subject of many discussion focused on the environmental impact. Conflict of different interest in coastal area with no argumentation is putting marine aquaculture in worst position related with tourism and industry. Hard argumentations is laying in noneadequate frame of work in some facilities and to take advantake competitors are preasenting marine aquaculture in worst picture. Marine aquaculture product has to be health product, which can be completely damaged because of non-responsible approach of other activity. Mariculture also can suffer from self-pollution as for example tourism and must be well planed and managed. Fecal pollution from towns, pollution from bad controlled tourists activity, industry, influence of intensive and non controlled agriculture in coast line, are also potential danger for quality of all sea products and also cultured products from marine aquaculture. High quality of marine products can be obtained by zoning of coastal area, and in concept of these zoning it is necessary to define the zones for marine aquaculture. Procedure of zoning has to be divided in three steps: deetrmination of present status of area, definition of shore land for making mariculture related shore infrastructure and definitions of areas suitable for mariculture with limits of production. These can make positive situations with avoiding conflicts in exploitation of common resources in future. Zone for marine aquaculture has to be controlled, with an adequate program of monitoring, and implementation of corrective measures has to be applied. Living resources quality in zones for marine aquaculture must be control and protected from pollutant of others activities, by controlling of polluted water in zone, controlling of emission in land in zone (pesticides and fertilizers), and sanitary control of sea

CROATIAN FISHERY – HARMONIZATION OF REGULATIONS AND HOW TO ACCESS EU?

Problems in Croatian fishery that impacts on low competitiveness were well known even before harmonization process start. EU accession process put even addition emphasis on the mentioned problem. In fact, increasing competitiveness from equal situation for market participants is one of the basic functions of the EU regulation harmonization in the accession process. It is highly integrated market environment and extremely demanding due to high level of European market norms. Legal basis of the process, and at the same time criteria for Croatian legalization assessment, have been determined during screening phase - chapter 13 - fishery. Beside harmonization, changes are necessary in physical characteristics and spatial relationships, primary assuring area for fish discharge on the part of the front. It increases fishermen security, manipulation with a fish is easier, risk of contamination is low, control and compliances with the fish trade standards according to the EU standards and regulations are enabled. The paper aims to analyze national documents and acquis in fish trade (Common Market Organisation; Common Fishery Policy) and determine needs for harmonization between Croatian and EU laws and introduction of the CMO measures. The paper indicates necessary activities in harmonization of regulations and proposed institutional and administrative changes. Due to absence of regulation, changes in Croatian fishery sector will not be conducted properly and consequently it won’t have equal chances on the EU market. Therefore this subject needs to be included in governmental priorities with the objective to assure legal basis for adequate infrastructure and suprastructure. The results presented are a part of the research conducted during authors’ work on the Fishery infrastructure in accordance with EU acquis feasibility study

INFLUENCE OF BODY CONDITIONS IN PARTUS UPON OVARIAN ACTIVITY IN POS PARTUM DAIRY COWS

Kondicija progesterona određivana je u 48 krava holstein friesien pasmine u intervalima od 2 dana, počevši od 10. dana, pa ili do UO ili do zaključno 76. dana. Na osnovu ocjene kondicije pri telenju krave su podijeljene u dvije grupe, grupu krava loše kondicije i grupu krava dobre kondicije. Uspostava cikličke aktivnosti jajnika praćena je koncentracijama progesterona u mlijeku i rektatnim palpacijama. Na osnovu tih analiza utvrđena je anestrija do 76.dana post partum u 26.7% krava loše kondicije i u 15.2% krava dobre koondicije. Poslpartalna anestrija trajala je u prosjeku do 34.5 plus/minus 16.9 dana u krava loše kondicij i 31.4 plus/lminus 14.2 dana u krava dobre kondicije (srednja vrijednst plus/minus standardna devi- jacija). Prosječna koncentracija progesterona u mlijeku bila je ispod 10nmol/L u obje grupe tijekom estrusa. Do 76. dana post partum utvrdili smo anestriju u 18.8% krava. Utjecaj kondicije u promatranom periodu bio je staristički nesignifikantan (P>0,05), ali brojčano znatan.Milk progesteron concentration was determined in 48 Holstein Friesien cows at intenals of 2 days, from 10th day post partum until 76th or until the AI. Based on condition score at calving cows were divided into 2 groups a poor condition group and good condition group. The resumption of ovarian function was monitored by milk progesteron assay and by rectal palpation. Based on these determinations, 26.7% and 15.2% of cows in poor and in good condition group were in anoestrus until 76th day post partum, respectively. The duration of postpartum anoestrus (plus or minus srandard deviation) averaged 34.5 plus or minus 16,9 days and 31.4 plus or minus 14.2 days in cows of the poor and good condition group, respectively. The mean milk progesteron concentration was below 10nmol/L in both goups during ovulation. Body condition per se was not related to reproductive performance (P>0,05)

ZONING OF COASTAL AREA FOR MARINE AQUACULTURE - PRESENT SITUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

Prihvaćanjem pomorske orijentacije i marikultura postaje ravnopravan partner u gospodarenju morem jer zahtijeva čiste resurse za postizanje povoljnih gospodarskih učinaka te se uklapa u djelatnosti koje su prihvatljive konceptu održivog razvoja. Postavljena u okvire sukoba interesa raznih djelatnosti za obalnu crtu, marikultura traži svoje mjesto. Jačanjem intenziteta djelatnosti u obalnom pojasu marikultura je sve više predmet raznih ciljanih rasprava, ponajviše s pozicija njezina utjecaja na okoliš. Sukob interesa u obalnom pojasu neargumentirano postavlja marikulturu u nepovoljni položaj s obzirom na turizam i industriju. Snaga argumenata leži samo u nepravilnom gospodarenju na pojedinim farmama i, radi ostvarivanja prednosti, cijelu djelatnost prikazuje u najgorem mogućem kontekstu. Marikultura je djelatnost proizvodnje zdrave hrane, koja može biti potpuno oštećena neodgovornim pristupom ostalih djelatnosti i intenzivno trpi od samoonečišćenja kao npr. i turizam. Onečišćenja prouzročena otpadnim vodama gradova, nekontroliranom turističkom aktivnošću, industrijom, pod utjecajem intenzivnog i nekontroliranog poljodjelstva u obalnom pojasu, moguća su opasnost za kvalitetu svih morskih proizvoda pa tako i proizvoda iz marikulture. Najbolji način za očuvanje visoke kvalitete morskih proizvoda može se riješiti zoniranjem obalnog pojasa i u kontekstu tog zoniranja treba odrediti zone za marikulturu. Definiranje zone s aspekta kvalitete akvatorija određujući nulto stanje, definicija pristupa obali radi postavljanja obalne infrastrukture i određivanje takvih akvatorija prostornim planovima može dovesti do izbjegavanja konflikta u iskorištavanju istih resursa u budućnosti. Prihvaćanjem lokacija prilazi se kontroli izvođenja marikulture putem programa praćenja, prepoznavanjem graničnih mjera zahvata, te definicijom mogućih korektivnih mjera, što je djelomično, ali ne i potpuno obuhvaćeno podzakonskim aktima. Postavljeno u kontekstu zaštite obnovljivih resursa u zonama marikulture potrebno je u okvirima ovlaštenih tijela provoditi praćenje štetnih utjecaja drugih djelatnosti na žive organizme u zoni za marikulturu, kontrolom otpadnih voda u zoni, kontrolom emisije u tlo u zoni (pesticidi i gnojiva), sanitarnom kontrolom mora.We already acepted that Croatian economical and geopolitical possition can bee improved only with better utilization of coastal area. Under these conditions mariculture also makes a part od sea master plan because demands for mariculture are focused on clean environmental conditions to obtain economic benefits. Increased pressure to the coastal area is global trend and if not planed and organized can provoke conflicts and can affect further development. Under these condition, marine aquaculture is frequent subject of many discussion focused on the environmental impact. Conflict of different interest in coastal area with no argumentation is putting marine aquaculture in worst position related with tourism and industry. Hard argumentations is laying in noneadequate frame of work in some facilities and to take advantake competitors are preasenting marine aquaculture in worst picture. Marine aquaculture product has to be health product, which can be completely damaged because of non-responsible approach of other activity. Mariculture also can suffer from self-pollution as for example tourism and must be well planed and managed. Fecal pollution from towns, pollution from bad controlled tourists activity, industry, influence of intensive and non controlled agriculture in coast line, are also potential danger for quality of all sea products and also cultured products from marine aquaculture. High quality of marine products can be obtained by zoning of coastal area, and in concept of these zoning it is necessary to define the zones for marine aquaculture. Procedure of zoning has to be divided in three steps: deetrmination of present status of area, definition of shore land for making mariculture related shore infrastructure and definitions of areas suitable for mariculture with limits of production. These can make positive situations with avoiding conflicts in exploitation of common resources in future. Zone for marine aquaculture has to be controlled, with an adequate program of monitoring, and implementation of corrective measures has to be applied. Living resources quality in zones for marine aquaculture must be control and protected from pollutant of others activities, by controlling of polluted water in zone, controlling of emission in land in zone (pesticides and fertilizers), and sanitary control of sea

INFLUENCE OF BODY CONDITIONS IN PARTUS UPON OVARIAN ACTIVITY IN POS PARTUM DAIRY COWS

Kondicija progesterona određivana je u 48 krava holstein friesien pasmine u intervalima od 2 dana, počevši od 10. dana, pa ili do UO ili do zaključno 76. dana. Na osnovu ocjene kondicije pri telenju krave su podijeljene u dvije grupe, grupu krava loše kondicije i grupu krava dobre kondicije. Uspostava cikličke aktivnosti jajnika praćena je koncentracijama progesterona u mlijeku i rektatnim palpacijama. Na osnovu tih analiza utvrđena je anestrija do 76.dana post partum u 26.7% krava loše kondicije i u 15.2% krava dobre koondicije. Poslpartalna anestrija trajala je u prosjeku do 34.5 plus/minus 16.9 dana u krava loše kondicij i 31.4 plus/lminus 14.2 dana u krava dobre kondicije (srednja vrijednst plus/minus standardna devi- jacija). Prosječna koncentracija progesterona u mlijeku bila je ispod 10nmol/L u obje grupe tijekom estrusa. Do 76. dana post partum utvrdili smo anestriju u 18.8% krava. Utjecaj kondicije u promatranom periodu bio je staristički nesignifikantan (P>0,05), ali brojčano znatan.Milk progesteron concentration was determined in 48 Holstein Friesien cows at intenals of 2 days, from 10th day post partum until 76th or until the AI. Based on condition score at calving cows were divided into 2 groups a poor condition group and good condition group. The resumption of ovarian function was monitored by milk progesteron assay and by rectal palpation. Based on these determinations, 26.7% and 15.2% of cows in poor and in good condition group were in anoestrus until 76th day post partum, respectively. The duration of postpartum anoestrus (plus or minus srandard deviation) averaged 34.5 plus or minus 16,9 days and 31.4 plus or minus 14.2 days in cows of the poor and good condition group, respectively. The mean milk progesteron concentration was below 10nmol/L in both goups during ovulation. Body condition per se was not related to reproductive performance (P>0,05)