138 research outputs found

    ROLE OF SYSTEMATIC INFLAMMATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBIDITY IN CASE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

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    Often local inflammation develops into systemic one with total inflammatory response of endotheliocytes, plasma and cellular blood factors, connective tissue, and at the final stages it is manifested through microcirculatory disorders in vital organs and tissues. At present two aspects are being investigated related to systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Firstly, it is the evaluation of inflammatory load through testing the level of inflammation markers in blood. Secondly, now it is generally recognized that a number of typical extrapulmonary disorders and concurrent diseases develops in COPD patients. Regardless of these general pathogenic mechanisms, the one thing is clear: cardiovascular diseases, body weight loss, osteoporosis and a number of other extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD are related to systematic inflammatory response

    Individual Dose Calculations with Use of the Revised Techa River Dosimetry System TRDS-2009D

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    An updated deterministic version of the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS-2009D) has been developed to estimate individual doses from external exposure and intake of radionuclides for residents living on the Techa River contaminated as a result of radioactive releases from the Mayak plutonium facility in 1949–1956. The TRDS-2009D is designed as a flexible system that uses, depending on the input data for an individual, various elements of system databases to provide the dosimetric variables requested by the user. Several phases are included in the computation schedule. The first phase includes calculations with use of a common protocol for all cohort members based on village-average-intake functions and external dose rates; individual data on age, gender and history of residence are included in the first phase. This phase results in dose estimates similar to those obtained with system TRDS-2000 used previously to derive risks of health effects in the Techa River Cohort. The second phase includes refinement of individual internal doses for those persons who have had body-burden measurements or exposure parameters specific to the household where he/she lived on the Techa River. The third phase includes summation of individual doses from environmental exposure and from radiological examinations. The results of TRDS-2009D dose calculations have demonstrated for the ETRC members on average a moderate increase in RBM dose estimates (34%) and a minor increase (5%) in estimates of stomach dose. The calculations for the members of the ETROC indicated similar small changes for stomach, but significant increase in RBM doses (400%). Individual-dose assessments performed with use of TRDS-2009D have been provided to epidemiologists for exploratory risk analysis in the ETRC and ETROC. These data provide an opportunity to evaluate the possible impact on radiogenic risk of such factors as confounding exposure (environmental and medical), changes in the Techa River source-term data and the change of the approach to individual internal dose estimation (90Sr-body burden measurements and family correlations vs. village averages). Our further plan is to upgrade the TRDS-2009D and to complete a stochastic version of the dosimetry system

    Клинические варианты кашлевого рефлекса и их коррекция

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    Cough is one of the commonest causes of seeking for medical aid. Cough, especially chronic cough, significantly reduces quality of life, disturbs sleep, physical and intellectual activity. Given the fact that cough is not an independent disease, but is a clinical sign (often the only sign) of a disease or a condition, attempts to resolve this symptom without specifying the nature of cough are incorrect. Unfortunately, the cause of cough cannot be established in some cases; patients suffering from chronic cough of unknown etiology account for 10 to 38% and are treated symptomatically even in countries with a high level of medicine. Physicians should aware of that the therapeutic success is always a result of correct diagnostic work-up.Кашель является одной из самых частых причин обращений к врачу общей практики. При кашле, в особенности хроническом, существенно снижается качество жизни пациентов, нарушается сон, физическая и интеллектуальная активность. С учетом того, что кашель – не самостоятельное заболевание, а клинический симптом (нередко единственный) какого-либо заболевания или патологического состояния, попытки устранения этого симптома без уточнения природы кашля ошибочны. К сожалению, в ряде случаев причину кашля установить не удается: даже в странах с высоким уровнем диагностики пациенты, страдающие хроническим кашлем неясной этиологии, составляют от 10 до 38 % и лечатся, как правило, симптоматически. Нужно иметь в виду, что успех от назначенной терапии всегда есть результат грамотно проведенной диагностики основного заболевания

    РОЛЬ СИСТЕМНОГО ВОСПАЛЕНИЯ В РАЗВИТИИ КОМОРБИДНОСТИ ПРИ ХРОНИЧЕСКОЙ ОБСТРУКТИВНОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ ЛЕГКИХ

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    Often local inflammation develops into systemic one with total inflammatory response of endotheliocytes, plasma and cellular blood factors, connective tissue, and at the final stages it is manifested through microcirculatory disorders in vital organs and tissues. At present two aspects are being investigated related to systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Firstly, it is the evaluation of inflammatory load through testing the level of inflammation markers in blood. Secondly, now it is generally recognized that a number of typical extrapulmonary disorders and concurrent diseases develops in COPD patients. Regardless of these general pathogenic mechanisms, the one thing is clear: cardiovascular diseases, body weight loss, osteoporosis and a number of other extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD are related to systematic inflammatory response.Часто локальное воспаление приобретает системный характер с тотальной воспалительной реактивностью эндотелиоцитов,  плазменных и клеточных  факторов  крови, соединительной ткани, а на заключительных этапах – и микроциркуляторными расстройствами в жизненно важных органах и тканях. В настоящее время изучение системного воспаления  при хронической  обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) сосредоточено на двух аспектах. Во-первых, это оценка воспалительной нагрузки путем определения  содержания  в крови маркеров воспаления. Во-вторых, в настоящее время общепризнано,  что для ХОБЛ характерно  развитие  ряда внелегочных  патологий  и сопутствующих заболеваний.  Какими бы ни были эти общие патогенетические механизмы, ясно одно: сердечно-сосудистые  заболевания,  снижение массы тела, остеопороз и ряд других «внелегочных» проявлений ХОБЛ связаны с наличием хронического системного воспаления

    Роль магнитно-резонансной томографии в выборе тактики ведения пациентов с механической желтухой

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    The aim за this study was to estimate capabilities of magnetic-resonance imaging in diagnostics of patients with obstructive jaundice syndrome. Magnetic-resonance imaging was made for 112 patients with biliary hypertension. Malignancy was found in 31 (27.6%) cases случае, mostly in men and mostly cancer of the head of the pancreas. Noncancerous genesis in 74 (66.1%) cases was mostly represented by cholelithiasis and most often in women.Цель работы — оценить возможности магнитно-резонансной томографии в диагностике пациентов с синдромом механической желтухи. Магнитно-резонансная томография, включая магнитно-резонансную холангиопанкреатографию, выполнена 112 пациентам с билиарной гипертензией. Злокачественный характер выявлен в 31 (27,6%) случае, преобладал рак головки поджелудочной железы, преимущественно у мужчин. Доброкачественный генез в 74 (66,1%) наблюдениях был зачастую представлен холелитиазом и наиболее распространен у женщин

    Хирургическое лечение глаукомы c применением дренажей у пациентов с артифакией

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    This review summarizes the results of surgical treatment of faradvanced stage glaucoma in the only seeing eye. A literature search performed in the PubMed search engine and aimed at finding publications reporting the clinical outcomes of treatment in patients with glaucoma in the only seeing eye did yield sufficient data related to the topic. A comprehensive analysis of the available data was performed with an emphasis on the choice of treatment tactics and postoperative results at various times following a surgery. Several studies allowed to perform a comparison of the clinical advantages and costeffectiveness of medical treatment versus surgery for advanced glaucoma, as well as to assess potential risks and adverse outcomes such as glaucoma progression, postoperative scarring, hypotension and other complications. The results presented in this review suggest that common success criteria can provide uniformity in academic studies, but in daily clinical practice each glaucoma specialist must make a patientspecific decision in favor of either of these methods of treatment in order to guarantee an optimal result, both for the doctor and, of course, for the patient.Обзор исследований, касающихся особенностей изменений анатомии глаза и гидродинамики внутриглазной жидкости у пациентов с артифакией и с присутствующими в данной группе пациентов возрастными изменениями. Наиболее трудно поддающейся лечению является рефрактерная глаукома, к которой, в том числе, относится глаукома на артифакичном глазу. Наиболее успешным методом лечения данной категории пациентов является дренажная хирургия. Нами проведен анализ отечественных и зарубежных исследований с описанием свойств и оценкой эффективности дренажных устройств от момента их изобретения до сегодняшних дней. Изучены работы, посвященные борьбе с рубцеванием хирургически сформированных путей оттока, в том числе с применением антиметаболитов и стероидов. Однако так как многообразие методов хирургического лечения не обеспечивает стойкого гипотензивного результата у пациентов с артифакией, дальнейший поиск оптимального дренажа остается актуальным

    Izloženost genotoksičnim agensima iz životnog okoliša tijekom prenatalnog razvoja i djetinjstva

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    Health disorders and diseases related to environmental exposure in children such as cancer and immunologic disturbances (asthma, allergies) are on the rise. However, complex transplacental and prepubertal genotoxicology is given very limited consideration, even though intrauterine development and early childhood may be critical for elucidating the cancer aetiology. The foetus is transplacentally exposed to contaminants in food and environment such as various chemicals, drugs, radiochemically contaminated water and air. Target organs of xenobiotic action may differ between the mother and the foetus due to specific stage of developmental physiology and enzyme distribution. This in turn may lead to different levels of clastogenic and aneugenic metabolites of the same xenobiotic in the mother and the foetus. Adult’s protective behaviour is not sufficient to isolate children from radioisotopes, pesticides, toxic metals and metalloids, environmental tobacco smoke, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and various food contaminants, which are just a part of the stressors present in a polluted environment. In order to improve legislation related to foetus and child exposure to genotoxic and possibly carcinogenic agents, oncologists, paediatricians, environmental health specialists, and genotoxicologists should work together much more closely to make a more effective use of accumulated scientific data, with the final aim to lower cancer incidence and mortality.Unatoč velikim naporima da se smanji okolišna izloženost u djece se dalje bilježi trend porasta pojavnosti karcinoma i imunosnih poremećaja (astma, alergije). Premda su intrauterini razvoj i rano djetinjstvo kritično razdoblje za tumačenje etiologije nastanka karcinoma, transplacentalna i prepubertetna genotoksikologija do danas su slabo istražene. Fetus je transplacentalno izložen brojnim fizikalnim i kemijskim čimbenicima: kontaminantima iz hrane i okoliša, radiokemijski kontaminiranoj vodi, zraku te lijekovima. Ciljna tkiva za djelovanje ksenobiotika mogu biti različita u majke i fetusa zbog različitosti u razvojnoj fiziologiji i distribuciji enzima. Zbog toga u organizmu majke i fetusa mogu nastati različite razine klastogenih i aneugenih metabolita istog ksenobiotika. Zaštitna uloga odraslih u namjeri da spriječe negativne utjecaje onečišćenog okoliša na djetetovo zdravlje često je ograničena jer su radioizotopi, olovo, PCB, pasivno pušenje, živa, endokrino aktivne tvari, pesticidi i kontaminanti prisutni u svim životnim područjima tijekom razvoja i rasta djeteta. Kako bi se poboljšalo zakonodavstvo vezano uz izloženost djece genotoksičnim i vjerojatno kancerogenim tvarima, tijekom razvoja potrebna je bolja suradnja onkologa, pedijatara, stručnjaka zdravstvene ekologije i genotoksikologa. Na taj način ostvarilo bi se uspješnije iskorištavanje postojećih znanstvenih podataka u cilju smanjenja incidencije karcinoma i mortaliteta

    Targeted Disruption of the PME-1 Gene Causes Loss of Demethylated PP2A and Perinatal Lethality in Mice

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    Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a major serine-threonine protein phosphatase in eukaryotes, is an oligomeric protein comprised of structural (A) and catalytic (C) subunits to which a variable regulatory subunit (B) can associate. The C subunit contains a methyl ester post-translational modification on its C-terminal leucine residue, which is removed by a specific methylesterase (PME-1). Methylesterification is thought to control the binding of different B subunits to AC dimers, but little is known about its physiological significance in vivo.Here, we show that targeted disruption of the PME-1 gene causes perinatal lethality in mice, a phenotype that correlates with a virtually complete loss of the demethylated form of PP2A in the nervous system and peripheral tissues. Interestingly, PP2A catalytic activity over a peptide substrate was dramatically reduced in PME-1(-/-) tissues, which also displayed alterations in phosphoproteome content.These findings suggest a role for the demethylated form of PP2A in maintenance of enzyme function and phosphorylation networks in vivo
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