785 research outputs found
Tunneling and nonlinear transport in a vertically coupled GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum wire system
We report low-dimensional tunneling in an independently contacted vertically
coupled quantum wire system. This nanostructure is fabricated in a high quality
GaAs/AlGaAs parallel double quantum well heterostructure. Using a novel flip
chip technique to align top and bottom split gates to form low-dimensional
constrictions in each of the independently contacted quantum wells we
explicitly control the subband occupation of the individual wires. In addition
to the expected 2D-2D tunneling results, we have found additional tunneling
features that are related to the 1D quantum wires.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, submitted to APL Minor revision
Undoped Electron-Hole Bilayers in a GaAs/AlGaAs Double Quantum Well
We present the fabrication details of completely undoped electron-hole
bilayer devices in a GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum well heterostructure with a 30
nm barrier. These devices have independently tunable densities of the
two-dimensional electron gas and two-dimensional hole gas. We report
four-terminal transport measurements of the independently contacted electron
and hole layers with balanced densities from cm down
to cm at . The mobilities can exceed cm V s for electrons and
cm V s for holes.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure
Scattering Mechanism in Modulation-Doped Shallow Two-Dimensional Electron Gases
We report on a systematic investigation of the dominant scattering mechanism
in shallow two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) formed in modulation-doped
GaAs/Al_{x}Ga_{1-x}As heterostructures. The power-law exponent of the electron
mobility versus density, mu \propto n^{alpha}, is extracted as a function of
the 2DEG's depth. When shallower than 130 nm from the surface, the power-law
exponent of the 2DEG, as well as the mobility, drops from alpha \simeq 1.65
(130 nm deep) to alpha \simeq 1.3 (60 nm deep). Our results for shallow 2DEGs
are consistent with theoretical expectations for scattering by remote dopants,
in contrast to the mobility-limiting background charged impurities of deeper
heterostructures.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, modified version as accepted in AP
Identifying the Homology of the Short Human Pisiform and Its Lost Ossification Center
Background: The pisiform and calcaneus are paralogous bones of the wrist and ankle and are the only carpal and tarsal, respectively, to develop from two ossification centers with an associated growth plate in mammals. Human pisiforms and calcanei have undergone drastic evolutionary changes since our last common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos. The human pisiform is truncated and has lost an ossification center with the associated growth plate, while the human calcaneus has expanded and retained two ossification centers and a growth plate. Mammalian pisiforms represent a wide range of morphologies but extremely short pisiforms are rare and ossification center loss is even rarer. This raises the question of whether the sole human pisiform ossification center is homologous to the primary center or the secondary center of other species. We performed an ontogenetic study of pisiform and calcaneus ossification patterns and timing in macaques, apes, and humans (
Results: Human pisiforms ossify irregularly and lack characteristic features of other primates while they develop. Pisiform primary and secondary center ossification timing typically matches that of the calcaneus of non-human primates, while the human pisiform corresponds with calcaneal secondary center ossification. Finally, human pisiforms ossify at the same dental stages as pisiform and calcaneal secondary centers in other hominoids.
Conclusions: These data indicate that the human pisiform is homologous to the pisiform epiphysis of other species, and that humans have lost a primary ossification center and associated growth plate while retaining ossification timing of the secondary center. This represents an exceptional evolutionary event and demonstrates a profound developmental change in the human wrist that is unusual not only among primates, but among mammals
Atmospheric neutrinos from charm
Using next-to-leading order perturbative QCD, we find that the charm
contribution to the atmospheric lepton fluxes dominates over the conventional
ones from pi and K decays for energies higher than 10^5 GeV. We also discuss
theoretical uncertainties involved in the calculations and compare our results
with previous evaluations.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, submitted to the Proceedings of the International
Workshop on Particle Physics and the Early Universe (COSMO-98), ed. David
Caldwell, Asilomar, Monterey, California, November 15-20, 199
Coulomb Drag in the Exciton Regime in Electron-Hole Bilayers
We report electrical transport measurements on GaAs/AlGaAs based
electron-hole bilayers. These systems are expected to make a transition from a
pair of weakly coupled two-dimensional systems to a strongly coupled exciton
system as the barrier between the layers is reduced. Once excitons form,
phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons could be observed. In
our devices, electrons and holes are confined in double quantum wells, and
carriers in the devices are induced with top and bottom gates leading to
variable density in each layer. Separate contact to each layer allows Coulomb
drag transport measurements where current is driven in one layer while voltage
is measured in the other. Coulomb drag is sensitive to interlayer coupling and
has been predicted to provide a strong signature of exciton condensation. Drag
measurement on EHBLs with a 30 nm barrier are consistent with drag between two
weakly coupled 2D Fermi systems where the drag decreases as the temperature is
reduced. When the barrier is reduced to 20 nm, we observe a consistent increase
in the drag resistance as the temperature is reduced. These results indicate
the onset of a much stronger coupling between the electrons and holes which
leads to exciton formation and possibly phenomena related to exciton
condensation.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure
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