Riesz potentials and nonlinear parabolic equations

The spatial gradient of solutions to nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations can be pointwise estimated by the caloric Riesz potential of the right hand side datum, exactly as in the case of the heat equation. Heat kernels type estimates persist in the nonlinear cas

Phenolic residues in spruce galactoglucomannans improve stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions

Hypothesis: Amphiphilic character of surfactants drives them at the interface of dispersed systems, such as emulsions. Hemicellulose-rich wood extracts contain assemblies (lignin-carbohydrate complexes, LCC) with natural amphiphilicity, which is expected to depend on their chemical composition resulting from the isolation method. Lignin-derived phenolic residues associated with hemicelluloses are hypothesized to contribute to emulsions' interfacial properties and stability. Experiments: We investigated the role of phenolic residues in spruce hemicellulose extracts in the stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions by physical and chemical approach. Distribution and changes occurring in the phenolic residues at the droplet interface and in the continuous phase were studied during an accelerated storage test. Meanwhile, the physical stability and lipid oxidation in emulsions were monitored. Findings: Naturally associated lignin residues in GGM act as vehicles for anchoring these hemicelluloses into the oil droplet interface and further enable superior stabilization of emulsions. By adjusting the isolation method of GGM regarding their phenolic profile, their functionalities, especially interfacial behavior, can be altered. Retaining the native interactions of GGM and phenolic residues is suggested for efficient physical stabilization and extended protection against lipid oxidation. The results can be widely applied as guidelines in tailoring natural or synthetic amphiphilic compounds for interfacial stabilization. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Towards Risk Estimation in Automated Vehicles Using Fuzzy Logic

As vehicles get increasingly automated, they need to properly evaluate different situations and assess threats at run-time. In this scenario automated vehicles should be able to evaluate risks regarding a dynamic environment in order to take proper decisions and modulate their driving behavior accordingly. In order to avoid collisions, in this work we propose a risk estimator based on fuzzy logic which accounts for risk indicators regarding (1) the state of the driver, (2) the behavior of other vehicles and (3) the weather conditions. A scenario with two vehicles in a car-following situation was analyzed, where the main concern is to avoid rear-end collisions. The goal of the presented approach is to effectively estimate critical states and properly assess risk, based on the indicators chosen.This work was supported by the AMASS project (H2020- ECSEL) with grant agreement number 692474

Consistency and reliability of smoking-related variables: longitudinal study design in asthma and COPD

Introduction: Smoking has a significant impact on the development and progression of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Self-reported questionnaires and structured interviews are usually the only way to study patients' smoking history. In this study, we aim to examine the consistency of the responses of asthma and COPD patients to repeated standardised questions on their smoking habits over the period of 10 years. Methods: The study population consisted of 1329 asthma and 959 COPD patients, who enrolled in the study during years 2005-2007. A follow-up questionnaire was mailed to the participants 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 years after the recruitment. Results: Among the participants who returned three or more questionnaires (N = 1454), 78.5 % of the patients reported unchanged smoking status (never smoker, ex-smoker or current smoker) across the time. In 4.5% of the answers, the reported smoking statuses were considered unreliable/conflicting (first never smoker and, later, smoker or ex-smoker). The remainder of the patients changed their status from current smoker to ex-smoker and vice versa at least once, most likely due to struggling with quitting. COPD patients were more frequently heavy ex- or current smokers compared to the asthma group. The intraclass coefficient correlations between self-reported starting (0.85) and stopping (0.94) years as well as the consumption of cigarettes (0.74) over time showed good reliability among both asthma and COPD patients. Conclusion: Self-reported smoking data among elderly asthma and COPD patients over a 10-year follow-up is reliable. Pack years can be considered a rough estimate for their comprehensive consumption of tobacco products over time. We also observed that the questionnaire we used was not designed for dynamic changes in smoking which are rather common among heavy smokers especially when the follow-up time is several years, as in our study

Electromagnetic wormholes via handlebody constructions

Cloaking devices are prescriptions of electrostatic, optical or electromagnetic parameter fields (conductivity $\sigma(x)$, index of refraction $n(x)$, or electric permittivity $\epsilon(x)$ and magnetic permeability $\mu(x)$) which are piecewise smooth on $\mathbb R^3$ and singular on a hypersurface $\Sigma$, and such that objects in the region enclosed by $\Sigma$ are not detectable to external observation by waves. Here, we give related constructions of invisible tunnels, which allow electromagnetic waves to pass between possibly distant points, but with only the ends of the tunnels visible to electromagnetic imaging. Effectively, these change the topology of space with respect to solutions of Maxwell's equations, corresponding to attaching a handlebody to $\mathbb R^3$. The resulting devices thus function as electromagnetic wormholes.Comment: 25 pages, 6 figures (some color

Functionality of spruce galactoglucomannans in oil-in-water emulsions

For a sustainable food chain, the demand for plant-based, functional, and cost-effective food hydrocolloids is on a high-rise. Hemicelluloses from the renewable lignocellulosic biomass are available in abundance from side-streams of the forestry industry to fulfill this demand. Their effective valorization requires a safe, economic extraction method that can be up-scaled to an industrial scale and, simultaneously, understanding of their functionality to develop applications. In this study, an aqueous-based extraction method, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) of spruce saw meal was used to obtain galactoglucomannans (GGM), "spruce gum". Ethanol precipitation was performed to remove non-polysaccharide extractives such as free phenolic compounds, and the emulsion component ratio-dependent interfacial saturation capacity of the remaining purified fraction was studied to understand its functionality. GGM resulted in good to excellent emulsification and stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions and exhibited adsorption at the oil droplet interface, which depended on the amount of oil and droplet size of emulsions. The adsorbed GGM content was determined by gas chromatography after acid methanolysis, and their macromolecular characteristics were studied by size-exclusion chromatography. At GGM to oil ratios 2, 1, and 0.4, stable emulsions with predicted several months of shelf life at room temperature were achieved. The results indicated mechanisms affecting the physical stabilization and breakdown of emulsions containing spruce gum, a novel sustainable hydrocolloid. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Full-wave invisibility of active devices at all frequencies

There has recently been considerable interest in the possibility, both theoretical and practical, of invisibility (or "cloaking") from observation by electromagnetic (EM) waves. Here, we prove invisibility, with respect to solutions of the Helmholtz and Maxwell's equations, for several constructions of cloaking devices. Previous results have either been on the level of ray tracing [Le,PSS] or at zero frequency [GLU2,GLU3], but recent numerical [CPSSP] and experimental [SMJCPSS] work has provided evidence for invisibility at frequency $k\ne 0$. We give two basic constructions for cloaking a region $D$ contained in a domain $\Omega$ from measurements of Cauchy data of waves at \p \Omega; we pay particular attention to cloaking not just a passive object, but an active device within $D$, interpreted as a collection of sources and sinks or an internal current.Comment: Final revision; to appear in Commun. in Math. Physic

Dissecting the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in CCR9 and CCL25 genomic regions to the celiac disease phenotype

Purpose and objectives: Given their role in homing immune cells to the intestine, CC motif chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) and its specific ligand CC motif chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) are interesting candidate genes for celiac disease. These genes are located in regions previously shown to be associated with or linked to celiac disease, but no investigations on their association with various celiac disease phenotypes have so far been conducted. Here we studied such associations of both genotyped and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with either regulatory function or exonic location of the CCR9 and CCL25 loci. Results: Exploiting a carefully phenotyped cohort of 625 celiac disease patients and 1817 non-celiac controls, we identified that multiple SNPs with predicted regulatory function (RegulomeDB score 0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that SNPs in the region of CCR9 and CCL25 with predicted functional effect or exonic localization likely contribute only modestly to various celiac disease phenotypes.Peer reviewe

A three-feature prediction model for metastasis-free survival after surgery of localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma

After surgery of localized renal cell carcinoma, over 20% of the patients will develop distant metastases. Our aim was to develop an easy-to-use prognostic model for predicting metastasis-free survival after radical or partial nephrectomy of localized clear cell RCC. Model training was performed on 196 patients. Right-censored metastasis-free survival was analysed using LASSO-regularized Cox regression, which identified three key prediction features. The model was validated in an external cohort of 714 patients. 55 (28%) and 134 (19%) patients developed distant metastases during the median postoperative follow-up of 6.3 years (interquartile range 3.4-8.6) and 5.4 years (4.0-7.6) in the training and validation cohort, respectively. Patients were stratified into clinically meaningful risk categories using only three features: tumor size, tumor grade and microvascular invasion, and a representative nomogram and a visual prediction surface were constructed using these features in Cox proportional hazards model. Concordance indices in the training and validation cohorts were 0.755 +/- 0.029 and 0.836 +/- 0.015 for our novel model, which were comparable to the C-indices of the original Leibovich prediction model (0.734 +/- 0.035 and 0.848 +/- 0.017, respectively). Thus, the presented model retains high accuracy while requiring only three features that are routinely collected and widely available.Peer reviewe