Termination Reaction in the Anionic Polymerization of Methacrylonitrile

The anionic polymerization of methacrylonitrile initiated by triethylphosphine in dimethylformamide was studied. Experimental evidence for two mechanisms of termination reaction was obtained. By addition of water or alcohol in polymerizing system the rate of polymerization and molecular weight of polymethacrylon1itrile decrease, which proves the termination reaction to be bimolecular and proceed by interaction of the active carbanion with water or alcohol. The rate constant for termination of free anions with water was determined, k~,0 = 2.2 x 102 dm3 moP s-1• The termination reaction could not be excluded by purification and prolonged drying of all components of the system, which indicates that the second mechanism of termination is operative as well. Conductivity measurements gave evidence for a monomolecular spontaneous reaction leading to deactivation of the anion

Автоматические измерения в металлографии

Quantitative analysis of the structure of metals and alloys is an important part of modern metal science. To obtain quantitative data and build dependencies, metallographic image processing programs are used, oriented both for scientific research and for use in industry. Programs capable of automatically performing metallographic analysis are of great interest to consumers. When advertising such programs, it is often claimed that they allow quantitative analysis of the structure with virtually no time. The purpose of this work was to determine the time spent on quantitative metallographic analysis in some image processing programs presented on the Belarusian market. Connected and unconnected metallographic objects were considered. It is shown that automatic quantitative analysis is possible for unconnected objects (powders, cast iron graphite). The time required is within a minute. For connected objects (structures of metals and alloys after metallographic etching), the time required to detect objects and obtain digital data is 10–40 min or more, depending on the complexity of the object, which is unacceptable for factory laboratories that analyze a large number of samples per shift. Therefore, it is recommended that potential users of metallographic image processing software always require a substantive demonstration of the automatic measurement capabilities of the proposed software.Количественный анализ структуры металлов и сплавов является важной частью современного металловедения. Для получения количественных данных и построения зависимостей используются металлографические программы обработки изображений, ориентированные как на научные исследования, так и для использования в промышленности. Большой интерес у потребителя вызывают программы, способные автоматически проводить металлографический анализ. При рекламе таких программ зачастую утверждается, что они позволяют провести количественный анализ структуры практически без затрат времени. Целью данной работы являлось определение затрат времени на количественный металлографический анализ в некоторых программах обработки изображений, представленных на белорусском рынке. Рассматривались связанные и несвязанные металлографические объекты. Показано, что для несвязанных объектов (порошки, графит чугуна) возможен автоматический количественный анализ; затраты времени при этом составляют в пределах минуты. Для связанных объектов (структуры металлов и сплавов после металлографического травления) затраты времени на обнаружение объектов и получение цифровых данных составляют 10–40 мин и более в зависимости от сложности объекта, что неприемлемо для заводских лабораторий, которые анализируют большое количество образцов за смену. Поэтому потенциальным потребителям программ обработки металлографических изображений рекомендуется всегда требовать предметной демонстрации возможности автоматических измерений предлагаемого программного обеспечения

Структурные превращения в тонких металлических пленках при импульсном лазерном воздействии

Processes occurring in metal films by laser irradiation are reviewed. Driving force of recrystallization, grain growth issues, education grooves of thermal etching, the formation of pores are considered. The preparation of nanoparticles in liquids by laser ablation is also addressed.Рассмотрены особенности структурных превращений, происходящих в металлических пленках при импульсном лазерном воздействии, и получение наночастиц в жидкостях методом лазерной абляции. Рассмотрены движущие силы рекристаллизации, вопросы роста зерен, образования канавок термического травления, формирования пор. Отмечена перспективность таких исследований в области сверхкоротких импульсов воздействия

Multiphoton Transitions in a Spin System Driven by Strong Bichromatic Field

EPR transient nutation spectroscopy is used to measure the effective field (Rabi frequency) for multiphoton transitions in a two-level spin system bichromatically driven by a transverse microwave (MW) field and a longitudinal radio-frequency (RF) field. The behavior of the effective field amplitude is examined in the case of a relatively strong MW field, when the derivation of the effective Hamiltonian cannot be reduced to first-order perturbation theory in w_{1} / w_{rf} (w_{1} is the microwave Rabi frequency, w_{rf} is the RF frequency). Experimental results are consistently interpreted by taking into account the contributions of second and third order in w_{1} / w_{rf} evaluated by Krylov-Bogolyubov-Mitropolsky averaging. In the case of inhomogeneously broadened EPR line, the third-order correction modifies the nutation frequency, while the second-order correction gives rise to a change in the nutation amplitude due to a Bloch-Siegert shift.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

THE ROLE OF MESOZOIC GEODYNAMIC EVENTS IN FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS ON THE FRAMING OF THE EASTERN MONGOL-OKHOTSK OROGENIC BELT

The Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt, finally formed in the end of the Mesozoic as a result of later tectonic events, is divided into two flanks: western and eastern. Its formation is obviously due to a regular change in geodynamic events significantly obscured by late tectonic and magmatic processes in the western flank and more clearly defined in the eastern flank from both magmatic and stratified formations. The early changes in geodynamic environment are most clearly determined by the formation of magmatic complexes whose completion is usually accompanied by the strata formation. Stratons framing the eastern flank of the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt in the Mesozoic were formed in sedimentary basins, which are currently isolated to the Krestovkinsky and Ogodzhinsky basins along the southern border and to the Strelkinsky, Malotyndinsky, Toromsky and Udsky basins along the northern border. The deposition environment varied from deep-sea marine to continental. The article attempts to correlate the cross-sections of sedimentary basins on the framing of the eastern Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt and considers similarity or difference in their structure, conditions of sedimentation, tectonic positions and dependence of their evolution on geodynamic processes in the regio

Recombination via transition metals in solar silicon : the significance of hydrogen-metal reactions and lattice sites of metal atoms

The move towards lower cost sources of solar silicon has intensified efforts to investigate the possibilities of passivating or reducing the recombination activity caused by deep states associated with transition metals. This is particularly important for the case of the slow diffusing metals early in the periodic sequence which are not removed by conventional gettering. In this paper we examine reactions between hydrogen and transition metals and discuss the possibility of such reactions during cell processing. We analyse the case of hydrogenation of iron in p-type Si and show that FeH can form under non-equilibrium conditions. We consider the electrical activity of the slow diffusing metals Ti, V and Mo, how this is affected in the presence of hydrogen, and the stability of TM-H complexes formed. Finally we discuss recent experiments which indicate that resiting of some transition metals from the interstitial to substitutional site is possible in the presence of excess vacancies, leading to a reduction in recombination activity

The Dynamics of Zeroth-Order Ultrasensitivity: A Critical Phenomenon in Cell Biology

It is well known since the pioneering work of Goldbeter and Koshland [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 78, pp. 6840-6844 (1981)] that cellular phosphorylation- dephosphorylation cycle (PdPC), catalyzed by kinase and phosphatase under saturated condition with zeroth order enzyme kinetics, exhibits ultrasensitivity, sharp transition. We analyse the dynamics aspects of the zeroth order PdPC kinetics and show a critical slowdown akin to the phase transition in condensed matter physics. We demonstrate that an extremely simple, though somewhat mathematically "singular" model is a faithful representation of the ultrasentivity phenomenon. The simplified mathematical model will be valuable, as a component, in developing complex cellular signaling network theory as well as having a pedagogic value.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

Electron-enhanced reactions responsible for photoluminescence spectrum change in II-VI compounds

Electron-enhanced reactions in II-VI compounds are shown to be caused by the presence of some mobile defects which diffusion is not enhanced under excitation. At the same time, electron-enhanced diffusion can be imitated in these reactions due to carrier trapping by deep centers that do or even do not take part in the reaction. To elucidate the real defect reaction mechanism a detailed study is required in every case. For this purpose, a method of mobile defect detection and their diffusion characteristic direct investigation has been elaborated

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИМПУЛЬСНОГО ФОТОННОГО ОТЖИГА НА СТРУКТУРУ И ФАЗОВЫЙ СОСТАВ ТОНКОПЛЕНОЧНЫХ СИСТЕМ НА ОСНОВЕ КРЕМНИЯ И ПЕРЕХОДНЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ

The present paper investigates element composition,  regularities of structural and phase transformations in Si–Fe–Si and TiN–Ti–Si thin film systems in the process of impulse photon annealing depending on radiation energy density while applying such methods as transmission  electron microscopy, electron  diffraction analysis and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. Optimum characteristics of impulse photon annealing for formation FeSi2 thin films of β-modification on silicon and TiSi2 films in C54 modification have been determined in the paper.Методами просвечивающей электронной микроскопии, электронографии и энергодисперсионного рентгеновского микроанализа проведены исследования элементного состава, закономерностей структурных и фазовых превращений, происходящих в тонкопленочных системах Si–Fe–Si и TiN–Ti–Si при импульсном фотонном отжиге в зависимости от плотности энергии облучения. Определены оптимальные параметры импульсного фотонного отжига для формирования на кремнии тонких пленок FeSi2 β-модификации и TiSi2 в модификации C54

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИМПУЛЬСНОГО ФОТОННОГО ОТЖИГА НА СТРУКТУРУ И ФАЗОВЫЙ СОСТАВ ТОНКОПЛЕНОЧНЫХ СИСТЕМ НА ОСНОВЕ КРЕМНИЯ И ПЕРЕХОДНЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ

Methods of transmission electronic microscopy, electron diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis have been used for investigations of element composition, regularities in structural and phase transmissions occurring in thin-filmed systems Si–Fe–Si and TiN–Ti–Si while using impulse photon annealing in terms of radiation energy density. Optimum parameters of impulse photon annealing for formation of β-FeSi2 and C54-TiSi2 thin films on silicon have been determined in the paper.Методами просвечивающей электронной микроскопии, электронографии и энергодисперсионного рентгеновского микроанализа проведены исследования элементного состава, закономерностей  структурных и фазовых  превращений,  происходящих в  тонкопленочных  системах Si–Fe–Si и TiN–Ti–Si при импульсном фотонном отжиге в зависимости от плотности энергии облучения. Определены оптимальные параметры импульсного фотонного отжига для формирования на кремнии тонких пленок FeSi2 β-модификации и TiSi2 в модификации C54