Assessment of Air Pollution around Durra Refinery (Baghdad) from Emission NO2 Gas at April Month

غاز النتروجين هو واحد من المولوثات الخطره الموجوده في الهواء,انه غاز سام ويسبب تاثيرات صحيه كبيره على الجهاز التنفسي,اغلب مصادر هذا الغاز تنبعث من المصادر صناعيه  وبشكل خاص من مداخن محطات الطاقه ومصافي النفط. في هذه الدراسه معادله كاوس تم نمذجتها بستخدام برنامج الماتلاب لتوضيح تاثير غاز ثاني اوكسيد النتروجين NO2على منطقه محيطه بمصفى الدوره وايضا هذا البرنامج يقوم بتقيم بعض العناصر مثل سرعه الرياح والاستقراريه وتاثيرها على ارتفاع المدخنه.البيانات المستخدمه في هذه الدراسه هي كميه النفط الاسود ووقود الغاز المحترق في داخل المصفى خلال سنه 2017.البيانات الساعيه الشهريه اختبرت كحاله دراسيه بسبب هذا الشهر كحاله متقلبه.بعد تحديد نسبه الانبعاث للوقود وحساب سرعه الخروج من المدخنه(سنعتبر كل المصفى نقطه واحده) وحساب الارتفاع الفعال الناتج.تم مقارنه بين الارتفاع الفعال والعناصر الجويه وايضا الاستقراريه حيث وجد ان هناك علاقه طرديه مباشره عند ظروف الجويه الغير مستقره.بعد تنفيذ موديل كاوس تبين ان اغلب المناطق الملوثه بغاز ثاني اوكسيد النتروجين NO2هي الجادريه ومنطقه الكراراده وهي منطقه تبعد 3-4كم من المصفى ان الرياح السائده هي الجنوب الشرقي.Nitrogen dioxide NO2 is one of the most dangerous contaminant in the air, its toxic gas that cause disturbing respiratory effects, most of it emitted from industrial sources especially from the stack of power plants and oil refineries. In this study Gaussian equations modelled by Matlab program to state the effect of pollutant NO2 gas on area around Durra refinery, this program also evaluate some elements such as wind and stability and its effect on stacks height. Data used in this study is the amount of fuel oil and fuel gas burn inside refinery at a year 2017. Hourly April month data chosen as a case study because it’s unsteady month. After evaluate emission rate of the all fuel and calculate exit velocity from stack (consider all refinery unit is a point), effective height resulted. Effective height is test with other atmospheric element and with stability, and there is direct relation with unstable turner classes. After Gaussian model implemented results show that most pollutant area from pollutant of NO2 is Al-Jadriyah and Al-Karada area, this area is about 3-5 kilometer from the refinery point. The wind direction domain is from the south to south-east, thus most flow is to north, north-west and the pollutant level of NO2 is over the national ambient air quality standard in this area

Study the Concentration of SO2 Emitted From Daura Refinery by Using Screen View Model

In this study, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were emitted from the Daura oil refinery units and their effect on the surrounding areas of the refinery were investigated, and also, study the atmospheric stability effective by using the Screen View model, and check the effect of the wind speed and direction on the spread of pollutants. As indicated during this study, the physical factors of the sources of pollution, such as the height of the chimney, its diameter and the surrounding environmental conditions, contributed to the increase in the concentration of contaminants. It was generally observed that the concentration of SO2 increased by increasing the rates of airflow and ambient temperature. This work was prove the influences of weather conditions in the transmission and spread of pollutants such as wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric stability and ambient temperature, but the effect of ambient air temperature was lower than others variables. When the distance increases between the plume and the source of pollution, a heat exchange takes place with the surrounding atmosphere, the difference between the temperature of the emitted gas and the surrounding atmosphere decreases and the buoyant force increases. This leads to a lack of vertical movement that disperses the contaminants. In addition, the concentration of the pollutants decreases with the distance increases from the source of the pollution. In the present work, emission rate of SO2, and stack gas exit velocity calculated for all stacks (point sources) of the twelve production units during August 2013, and February 2014 by using the actual amounts of fuel consumed in Daura refinery in this period

Relationship between Snow and Temperature over Some Iraqi Meteorological Stations

Background: Snow forms when tiny ice crystals in clouds stick together to become snowflakes. If enough crystals stick together, they become heavy enough to fall to the ground. Where background includes Precipitation falls as snow when the air temperature is below 2 °C (275.15 K). The falling snow does begin to melt as soon as the temperature rises above freezing, but as the melting process begins, the air around the snowflake is cold. Objective: It is a myth that it needs to be below 0 °C (273.15) K to snow. In Iraq, the heaviest snowfalls tend to occur when the air temperature is between (273.15-275.15) K (0-2) °C. Methods: The data for this study, which includes Temperature (T), Snow Albedo (SA), and Snow Density (SD) as monthly-daily mean, taken from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for fifteen years from 2008 to 2022 for several selected stations over northern Iraq. The method was to take the monthly rates of snow density, snow albedo, and temperature for the stations of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Zakho, Dohuk, and Amadiyah, and the type of relationship and strength of the connection between them was also known. Results: The study found an inverse relationship between snow albedo and snow density across the selected stations, indicating that an increase in snow density leads to a decrease in snow albedo. Notably, Duhok City exhibited the strongest relationship between snow albedo and density, with a regression coefficient of 0.9699 compared to other regions. Conclusions: This study highlights the complex relationship between snow albedo and density in northern Iraq. The strong correlation observed in Duhok City suggests the importance of further research to understand the factors influencing snow properties in this region

Estimation of the Daily Maximum Air Temperature for Baghdad City Using Multiple Linear Regression

In this paper, we relied on historical observations for the period between (2005-2020) for the Baghdad meteorological station, which is characterized by a hot, dry climate in summer and cold and rainy in winter, as it is an example of a subtropical region. The multiple linear regression equation was developed and improved to produce a formula that predicts maximum air temperature. This was done by relying on climatic elements, namely minimum air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, and entering them into the formula as independent inputs that have a direct impact on estimating the maximum air temperature also calculating the correlation coefficients for each of them. The bias of the model was calculated and its value was entered as the correction for errors that accompany the application of the model

Heat waves and health impact on human in Baghdad

This investigation aim to evaluate the effect of heat wave on health of human, so to achieve this 40 blood samples for person exposed to heat wave were drawn most patients were attend to specialists in hospital laboratories (Medical City, Ibn al-Baladi, Sheikh Zayed, Kadhimiya Educational). The patients aged 10–60 years, male (20) and female (20). CBC analyzes was performed. The result of the presents study recorded a highly signifi cant difference in total (mean and percent) as compared with the normal value of the CBC analyze the result for total (mean and percent) for male the factors CRP, ESR, WBC, PCV, PL (15.5, 43, 11.35, 28.5, 215) respectively (100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%) and the result for total (mean and percent) for female the factors CRP, ESR, WBC, PCV, PL (15, 43.5, 11.35, 31, 220.5) respectively (100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%). According to the result we can conclude that there was a highly significant deferent in mean value for patient compared with the normal value which is the mean cause of hard attack which lead to death. The study is the first of its kind in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences in Iraq