Packaging of RF Mems Switching Functions on Alumina Substrate

Recently the strong demands in wireless communication requires expanding development for the application of RF MEMS (Radio Frequency micro electro mechanical systems) sensing devices such as micro-switches, tunable capacitors because it offers lower power consumption, lower losses, higher linearity and higher Q factors compared with conventional communications components. To accelerate commercialisation of RF MEMS products, development for packaging technologies is one of the most critical issues should be solved beforehand.Comment: Submitted on behalf of TIMA Editions (http://irevues.inist.fr/tima-editions

Working of parliamentary institutions in Egypt 1924-1952

The foregoing study shows that the parliamentary system, as it functioned in Egypt between 1924 and 1952, was not a success. This failure was due to various inter-related factors. In spite of the fact that prior to the introduction of the parliamentary system in 1924, semi- parliamentary government had been found in Egypt, the democratic concept as emphasised by the 1923 Constitution was rather an advanced system in view of the political comprehension of the people and their social and economic conditions. The introduction of the parliamentary system in Egypt was the ultimate result of the 1919 Revolt. But this Revolt flared up with the aim of ridding the country of the British Occupation and without any conception whatever of the system of government to be applied in Egypt after the achievement of the objective of the Revolt. Accepting these facts, as well as the fact that the Revolt was an expression of the Egyptian national spirit, the failure of the 1919 Revolt is self evident. Instead of the struggle for the independence of Egypt being continued, a parliamentary system was imported from Europe. Democracy, which has developed and flourished in the West, is not a political doctrine for exportation to other countries. That system, in order to be successful, should evolve and develop within the community to which it is applied. Not only was the political structure in Egypt cursed with the application of a foreign political doctrine, but also the Constitution, which provided for the parliamentary system, was drawn up on the pattern of the Belgian Constitution:. No allowance was made in view of the great differences between the social, economic and political conditions of Egypt and Belgium. Therefore, the basic factor leading to the unsuccessful working of democracy in Egypt, is the unfitness of the parliamentary system, as described by the 1923 Constitution, to match the conditions of the country. The position of Britain with relation to the institutions of government in Egypt, supplies another cause of the failure of the working of parliamentary institutions. The continual interference of Britain in Egypt's internal political affairs, especially before the conclusion of the 1936 Treaty, is manifest. That interference did not stop with the conclusion of that treaty; the influence exerted by Britain on parliamentary institutions in Egypt continued, though in a disguised shape. The problem of the settlement of Anglo- Egyptian relations pushed all political potentialities in Egypt towards one object. All political activities were concentrated on attempts to settle Egypt's relation with Britain. Political parties and groups exploited the nationalist tendencies of the people by directing their attention to this one aspect of the political problem of Egypt. All efforts were made to solve a problem which did not concern Egypt only, while nothing was done for the promotion of democratic government. Politicians did not try to tackle the internal political and social problems, and the mass of the people found their interest and satisfaction in the question of the achievement of the national aspirations. There was no solid ground in Egyptian society for the development of varying political parties. Their programmes were alike, and they did not differ on matters of policy. Yloreover, they differed slightly in the methods they followed to achieve their ends. The challenge between different political parties was only motivated by their determination to reach the seats of the mighty. The Wafd, which enjoyed continuously the support of the mass of the people, originated with the 1919 Revolt. The activities and programmes of that party were mainly drawn on a pattern to satisfy the national sentiments of the people. Although it showed some democratic inclinations, the Wafd did not to ment of parliamentary government in Egypt. In their opposition to the Wafd, other political parties really derived their power from the King, and did not have much popular support. All political parties, including the Wafd, were an important factor in the failure of representative government in Egypt. They did not try to educate public opinion, promote the political consciousness of the people, and bring to their attention and understanding the different problems of the country. Although the King was non -responsible, and was not entitled to practice as full authority as he did, he was the point of focus of the political system in Egypt. This special position of the King was due not only to the fact that the Constitution itself was ambiguous and conferred on the sovereign an extensive authority, but to the fact that other political institutions did not check effectively the practice of the prerogatives of the King. If any of these institutions tried to exercise its constitutional rights to control the acts of the King, these attempts carne after too long a period of reluctance and revealed only the weakness of these institutions. The King's right to appoint and dismiss his ministers caused a relative weakness of the Cabinet. On the other hand, his right to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies gave some power to the Cabinet in its relation with Parliament. This means that the omnipotence of the Cabinet appeared only when it faced the people and their representatives. However, this power of the Cabinet was derived from the autocracy of the King. The Cabinet's weakest spot was its inability to frame far -seeing and stable policies. This was not due only to the inefficient party system, but was also the natural outcome of the short life of the Cabinet. This short life was the result of the interference of the King in dismissing or demanding the resignation of the Cabinet, or by foreign interference, but hardly by the will of the people expressed through their representatives. The Cabinet did not face any criticism from Parliament. Actually Parliament functioned to ratify the Cabinet's actions whether in the administrative or legislative fields. The weakness of Parliament was very obvious. The basic reason of that weakness is the electoral system according to which members of Parliament were elected. It resulted from the fact that Parliament did not constitute in miniature the society which it represented. No representatives of the working classes were found amongst members of Parliament. The so- called representatives of the people were mainly from social classes which had interests conflicting with the mass of the people. This situation was due not only to the social framework in Egypt, but it was also created by the interference of the administration in the running of the elections. Parliament failed to perform its legislative function and to enact laws meeting the social necessities of the country. Its task was merely to give consent to the bills prepared by the ,Cabinet, and to those private member's bills which gained the consent of the Cabinet. The Senate, however, succeeded in acquiring more legislative authority than it possessed under the Constitution, and its predominence over the Chamber of Deputies was manifest. In performing their function of controlling the Cabinet, both chambers of Parliament were incompetent. The Cabinet exerted influence on both chambers through the rights of the King to nominate two -fifths of the Senators and to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies. Sometimes the powerfal majority which the governing party had in Parliament, helped the Cabinet to keep both onambers under its influence

Effect of high fat and nutrient depleted diets on colon tumor formation in mice.

We investigated the effect of high fat and nutrient depleted diets on the formation of colon tumors in female Swiss mice treated with 1,2- dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Mice received the following diets: control diet (laboratory chow, 5.5% fat) or chow with added starch and/or corn oil so as to supply a fat level of 5.5% (diet F6) or 23% (diet F23), while reducing the level of nutrients and dietary fiber per. 100 calories to 61% of the level of the control diet. DMH was given as 5 weekly s.c. injections. Diets were given variously from 6 weeks before the first injection until 7 days after the last one (initiation period) or else for the subsequent 22 weeks until sacrifice of the mice (promotion period). A high fat diet (diet F23 vs. F6) tended to increase adenoma formation when fed during the initiation period but this requires further study. Feeding it in the promotion period increased the incidence of adenocarcinomas. A nutrient depleted diet (diet F6 vs. the control diet) caused a decreased incidence of adenocarcinomas

Changes in pH and levels of B-glucosidase, B-glucuronidase and reducing activity as food residue passes along the mouse colon

The contents were collected from successive regions of the colon of Swiss mice. Ana(vses show that the pH rises by about 0.55 pH units between the cecum and the distal colon. The level of p-glucuronidase falls sharply, typically 2 to 3 fold;, as food residue leaves the cecum. This is followed by a large rise in the distal c%n, mvund 1.6 to 4 fold, about half of 1vhich is due to the concentrating ejlect caused by loss of water. lvleasurements were also made of nonspecific reducing activity, the level of which rises by about 74% along the colon mainly because of water loss. For each of the above parameters similar results were observed using old and young mice and with diets high and low in fat. Studies indicated that the reducing activity is nonenzymic

Toxicity of 1,2-dimethlyhydrazine in mice: effect of diet and development of tolerance

The effect of diet on the lethality of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) injections was investigated using Swiss mice. Mortality was highest when mice were fed a nutrient-dilutealfhigh-fat diet, was intermediate with a nutrientdilutealflow- fat diet and was lowest with laboratory chow. Wheat bran was not protective. Mice developed tolerance to DMH after receiving several injections of progressively increasing dose

Cabbage and vitamin E: their effect on colon tumor formation in mice.

The effects of cabbage and vitamin E on colon carcinogenesis were investigated in Swiss mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Throughout the experiment the mice were fed a laboratory chow diet (46 mg vitamin E per kg) or chow containing 13 g cabbage per 100 g or 180 mg vitamin E per kg. Starting after 31 days of diet treatment the mice received 7 weekly s.c. injections of DMH. They were sacrificed 17 weeks after the first dose of DMH. While diet did not significantly alter colon tumor response, some trends were observed. Female mice given cabbage had a higher incidence. (percent of mice with a tumor) and multiplicity (tumors per tumor bearing mouse) of colon tumors. Males were little affected by cabbage apart from a lower incidence of adenocarcinomas. Compared with mice fed the control diet those given vitamin E had a higher colon tumor incidence, This effect, which was stronger in females, was due to an increased incidence of adenomas. Vitamin E had little apparent affect on tumor multiplicity apart from a reduction in adenocarcinomas in females and adenomas in males. The data do not support the view that cabbage and vitamin E are protective against colon cancer

IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKS TECHNOLOGY IN INTERPERSONAL SKILLS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCES

Purpose Social media has transformed and influenced communication, research and education in general through the vast variety of online tools which are available for communication.The objectives of the research study is to examine and analyze the influence of Social Media on the academic Performance of students and their social interpersonal skills. Design/methodology/approach 195 samples were collected from full-time undergraduate students studying in the University from different faculties including business, engineering, law, English Studies and Language Studies. The descriptive statistics analysis was used to analyze the demographic data while inferential statistics was used in testing the research hypotheses. The results obtained from the analyses were used to interpret the outcomes. Findings The empirical results reveal that the students get to learn through social media differently enabling them new information and are also able to communicate easily with others. The communication exchanged is irrelevant to studies and does not help them in any manner to improve their learning. It is confirmed that the Social Media effects do not support the Learning of the students and most of the students are addicted to social media. Practical Implications The study confirms that it is good means to approach the students through social media whichmight boost the education in an easier way. Originality/value The research work is of its first kind as it focuses on the impact of social media on the academic performances of the students studying in Higher Educational Institutions.&nbsp

High-Fat Diets and Fecal Level of Reductase and Colon Mucosal Level of Ornithine Decarboxylase, B-Glucuronidase, 5'-Nucleotidase, ATPase, and Esterase in Mice.

In one experiment Swiss mice were maintained on a 16 or 23% fat diet (laboratory chow with added fat, principally corn on) or on laboratory chow alone (5.5% fat), In another experiment CS7BU1 mice were given a 23% fat diet (as above) or a low-fat diet (67% laboratory chow. 1.9% corn oil, and 31% starch; 5.5% fat). Colon mucosal samples were analyzed for several enzyme activities. In Swiss mice the analyses revealed the following: 1) Ouabain-insensitive ATPase was unaltered in male mice, but it rose significantly in females fed a high-fat diet (this effect was seen when a resuspended high-speed pellet was analyzed but not seen with the initial homogenate); 2) S'-nucleotidase activity showed a significant stepwise increase with dietary fat; 3) nonspecific esterase activity tended to rise with a high-fat diet (not significant); 4) fJ-glucuronidase levels were not altered by diet fat; and 5) ornithine decarboxylase levels were not altered by diet fat. In CS7BU1 mice analyse:;, were done on ouabaininsensitive ATPase, S'-nucleotidase, nonspecific esterase, and p-glucuronidase, but no diet effects were seen. Fecal reductase activity was measured with the use of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(pnitrophenyl)- 5-phenyltetrazolium chloride hydrate). A high-fat diet did not affect the activity in CS7BU1 mice, but it caused a significant rise in Swiss mice

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING CRUSHED LIMESTONE AS TOTAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL SAND AND RECYCLED ENGINE OIL

The rapid growth in the construction industry at the global level has made concrete the most widely used construction material throughout the world. Accordingly, the consumption of natural sand which is one the main raw material constituent of concrete is continuously growing. The demand for river sand is highly increasing due to its scarcity in the market. Manufactured sand produced by crushed rock is being considered as an appropriate alternative to replace river sand in concrete. In recent years, there is a growing interest in the use of crushed sand obtained from limestone quarries in some countries where river sand is not widely available”. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of total replacement of the natural sand by fine aggregates obtained from crushed limestone. However, it needs more research on the crushed stone fine aggregates to reveal its engineering properties prior to utilization in concrete. Another objective of this study is to study the effect of using the waste engine oil as partial replacement of water reducing admixture. The use of waste engine oil in concrete is beneficial for the environment. It is to be noted that some countries are recycling this used oil but others are throwing it in the sea and harming the marine life. In this paper, different combinations and grading of fine lime stone and coarse aggregates were tried in order to attain the optimal proportion that provide an acceptable concrete performance in terms of workability and compressive strength. Also, different percentages of admixture replacement ranging from zero to one hundred percent of the used engine oil were tried in the selected optimal mixture proportion. The final selected proportion using engine oil and crushed limestone could be considered as an economical solution and friendly environmental concrete product

A probabilistic method for cleaning contaminated systems of linear inequalities.

Mathematical programming (MP) problems can be viewed as abstractions of real-world situations. They consist of an objective function which needs to be maximized or minimized, subject to a set of constraints which defines a feasible region. The feasible region denoted by R, is often defined by a set of linear inequalities. For real world problems there can be thousands of inequalities and variables. A problem with such large systems is that there are often errors in formulating the constraints which may cause the feasible region to be empty. Another problem is that many of the constraints may be redundant. We define such systems as contaminated systems of linear inequalities. This thesis develops the first method to simultaneously deal with infeasibility and redundancy. The new procedure is a probabilistic approach based on an equivalence to the set covering problem. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1997 .E44. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 37-01, page: 0284. Adviser: R. J. Caron. Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1997