Radiological evaluation of the styloid process length in the normal population

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the styloid process (SP) length in the normal population using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT).Materials and methods: In this study, 160 patients who underwent paranasal MDCT between January 2012 and December 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into groups according to their age and gender: Group 1 age 31–40 years old, 111 subjects; Group 2 age 41–50 years old, 49 subjects; Group A 98 males; Group B 62 females. The mean SP length was calculated from the mean of 2 measurements. SPs were assessed for their average lengths in different gender and age groups. Student’s t-test was used for the comparison of the mean SP lengths between the groups. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at p < 0.05.Results: The mean SP length on both sides varied from 18 to 51 mm (28.4 ± 5.5) in all the patients. The mean SP length was 27.2 ± 5.2 mm in females and 29.2 ± 5.6 mm in males. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean SP lengths in terms of gender (p < 0.028). The mean SP length was 28.5 ± 5.7 mm in Group 1 and 28.2 ± 5.1 mm in Group 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean SP lengths in terms of age (p > 0.718).Conclusions: In conclusion, there is still no consensus on the normal values of SP length. Normal values should be determined according to the geographical regions and ethnic groups for the diagnosis of Eagle’s syndrome.

The MBLWHOI Library Digital Herbarium

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Circle of Willis variations and artery diameter measurements in the Turkish population

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of circle of Willis (COW) variations and the measurements of the COW vessel diameters in the Turkish population. Materials and methods: The patient population for this single-centre, retrospective study was formed of patients who had brain magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). A total of 384 subjects were included in the study. The three-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) technique was used for MRA imaging to evaluate the anatomy of the COW. Variations in the COW were recorded. The diameters of the critical arteries of the COW were measured. Results: Adult configuration of the COW was determined in 326 (85%) cases, foetal configuration in 50 (13%) cases and transitional configuration in 8 (2%) cases. The COW was normal in 328 (85.4%). In the remaining 56 (14.6%) cases, agenesis was determined in 62 vessels. The mean calibrations of the vessels were measured as 2.85 mm in the basilar artery, 4.24 mm in the right internal carotid artery (ICA), 4.32 mm in the left ICA, 1.58 mm in the right A1, 1.64 mm in the left A1, 2.13 mm in the right M1, 2.10 mm in the left M1, 1.80 mm in the right P1, 1.88 mm in the left P1, 1.12 mm in the right posterior communicating artery, and 1.12 mm in the left posterior communicating artery. Conclusions: Circle of Willis variations may show geographic and ethnic differences. Knowledge of the frequency and types of variation in the population is important for neurosurgeons and in radiological interventional procedures as a guide for entry and in respect of collateral which could develop late

Anthropometric measurements of the orbita and gender prediction with three-dimensional computed tomography images

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the orbital anthropometric variations in the normal population using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images and to define the effects of age and gender on orbital anthropometry.Materials and methods: Three-dimensional orbita CT of 280 patients, obtained for various reasons, were retrospectively evaluated in 772-bed referral and tertiary-care hospital between April 2011 and June 2012. Using 3D images, orbital width, height, biorbital-interorbital diameter and orbital index were measured. Measurements were obtained comparing right and left sides and male to female. The relation of the results with age and gender was analysed.Results: Right orbit was found to be wider than left (p < 0.0001). Male patients had wider (p < 0.0001) and higher (p = 0.0001) orbits. Right orbital index was found to be smaller than the left one (p = 0.005). No differences were found between the genders in terms of right and left orbital indexes (p > 0.05). Biorbital (p < 0.0001) and interorbital (p = 0.01) widths were found to be higher in males. There was no relation between the age change and the parameters defined (p > 0.05).Conclusions: No relation was found between age and orbital measurements. It was concluded that orbital images obtained with 3D-CT may be used as a method for gender evaluation

Atypical obstructive submandibular sialoadenitis

The patient is a 52-year-old female who had undergone medical treatment for right acute suppurative submandibular sialoadenitis three times in the last two months. The patient was referred to our clinic due to persistance of complaints and presence of a mass in the submandibular region. On physical examination, the right submandibular gland was diffusely enlarged and adherent. Also, seropurulent decreased salivation was observed pressing on the Wharton’s channel. Evidence of stone in the channel was not detected at palpation. On USG examination, right submandibular gland enlargement, two reactive lymph nodes (dimention, 19 x 12 mm ve 19 x 8 mm) in submandibular area and hypoecoic noduler lesion which was difficult to discriminate from the surrounding tissue measuring 5 x 3 mm in diameter were detected. Also dilatation at duct of salivary gland (mean 2 mm) was present. For further evaluation MRI examination was recommended. MRI examination revealed a slight increase in the right submandibular gland dimensions. No significant pathologic enhancement was present (Fig. A, B). Under general anesthesia, right submandibular gland excision was performed with lymph node dissection. During operation, it was observed that the gland was middle hard and attached to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle due to probably passed infection. After removal of gland, a foreign body (grass seed) was found to be in the Wharton’s duct during the macroscopic examination. After taking the photographs (Fig. C, D), the foreign body was sent to Ankara University, faculty of Agriculture for further analysis. Since the patient was a farmer by occupation, it was thought that the grass seed might had been inserted accidentally into Wharton’s duct. Due to their linear extensions They move easily in a space freely

The Biodiversity Heritage Library : advancing metadata practices in a collaborative digital library

Author Posting. © Taylor & Francis, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of Taylor & Francis for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Library Metadata 10 (2010): 136-155, doi:10.1080/19386389.2010.506400.The Biodiversity Heritage Library is an open access digital library of taxonomic literature, forming a single point of access to this collection for use by a worldwide audience of professional taxonomists, as well as “citizen scientists.” A successful mass-scanning digitization program, one that creates functional and findable digital objects, requires thoughtful metadata work flow that parallels the work flow of the physical items from shelf to scanner. This article examines the needs of users of taxonomic literature, specifically in relation to the transformation of traditional library material to digital form. It details the issues that arise in determining scanning priorities, avoiding duplication of scanning across the founding 12 natural history and botanical garden library collections, and the problems related to the complexity of serials, monographs, and series. Highlighted are the tools, procedures, and methodology for addressing the details of a mass-scanning operation. Specifically, keeping a steady flow of material, creation of page level metadata, and building services on top of data and metadata that meet the needs of the targeted communities. The replication of the BHL model across a number of related projects in China, Brazil, and Australia are documented as evidence of the success of the BHL mass-scanning project plan

Inferior vena cava hypoplasia with right hepatic vein and accessory inferior hepatic vein shunt

Inferior vena cava (IVC) hypoplasia is a rare condition. Venous blood flow is usually provided through collaterals in the azygos or hemiazygos venous systems. However, portosystemic shunts with intrahepatic venous collateral are extremely rare. The case is presented here of a large shunt between the right hepatic vein, accessory inferior hepatic vein, and inferior vena cava in a 37-year-old female patient with IVC hypoplasia