954 research outputs found
Determinants of Poverty during Transition: Household Survey Evidence from Ukraine
The paper analyzes the incidence, the severity and the determinants of household poverty inUkraine during transition using two comparable surveys from 1996 and 2004. We measurepoverty using income and consumption and contrast the effects of various poverty lines.Poverty in both periods follows some of the determinants commonly identified in theliterature, including greater poverty among households with children and with less education.We also identify specific features of poverty in transition, including the relatively lowimportance of unemployment and the existence of poverty even among households withemployment. Poverty determinants change over time in line with the experience of transitionand restructuring.poverty, transition, survey, Ukraine
Determinants of Poverty during Transition: Household Survey Evidence from Ukraine
The paper analyzes the incidence, the severity and the determinants of household poverty in Ukraine during transition using two comparable surveys from 1996 and 2004. We measure poverty using income and consumption and contrast the effects of various poverty lines. Poverty in both periods follows some of the determinants commonly identified in the literature, including greater poverty among households with children and with less education. We also identify specific features of poverty in transition, including the relatively low importance of unemployment and the existence of poverty even among households with employment. Poverty determinants change over time in line with the experience of transition and restructuring.poverty, transition, survey, Ukraine
Determinants of Poverty during Transition: Household Survey Evidence from Ukraine
The paper analyzes the incidence, the severity and the determinants of household poverty in Ukraine during transition using two comparable surveys from 1996 and 2004. We measure poverty using income and consumption and contrast the effects of various poverty lines. Poverty in both periods follows some of the determinants commonly identified in the literature, including greater poverty among households with children and with less education. We also identify specific features of poverty in transition, including the relatively low importance of unemployment and the existence of poverty even among households with employment. Poverty determinants change over time in line with the experience of transition and restructuring. --poverty,transition,survey,Ukraine
Universal temperature scaling of flux line pinning in high-temperature superconducting thin films
Dissipation-free current transport in high-temperature superconductors is one
of the most crucial properties of this class of materials which is directly
related to the effective inhibition of flux line movement by defect structures.
In this respect epitaxially grown thin films of YBa2Cu3O7-d (YBCO) are proving
to be the strongest candidates for many widescale applications that are close
to realization. We show that the relation between different defect structures
and flux line pinning in these films exhibits universal features which are
clearly displayed in a detailed analysis of the temperature-dependent behaviour
of local critical currents. This allows us to identify different pinning
mechanisms at different temperatures to be responsible for the found critical
currents. Additionally, the presence of grain boundaries with very low
misorientation angles affects the temperature stability of the critical
currents which has important consequences for future applications.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures To be published in Journal of Physics: Condensed
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Electronic tuneability of a structurally rigid surface intermetallic and Kondo lattice: CePt / Pt(111)
We present an extensive study of structure, composition, electronic and
magnetic properties of Ce--Pt surface intermetallic phases on Pt(111) as a
function of their thickness. The sequence of structural phases appearing in low
energy electron diffraction (LEED) may invariably be attributed to a single
underlying intermetallic atomic lattice. Findings from both microscopic and
spectroscopic methods, respectively, prove compatible with CePt formation
when their characteristic probing depth is adequately taken into account. The
intermetallic film thickness serves as an effective tuning parameter which
brings about characteristic variations of the Cerium valence and related
properties. Soft x-ray absorption (XAS) and magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD)
prove well suited to trace the changing Ce valence and to assess relevant
aspects of Kondo physics in the CePt surface intermetallic. We find
characteristic Kondo scales of the order of 10 K and evidence for
considerable magnetic Kondo screening of the local Ce moments.
CePt/Pt(111) and related systems therefore appear to be promising
candidates for further studies of low-dimensional Kondo lattices at surfaces.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figure
Reconfiguring experimental archaeology using 3D reconstruction
Experimental archaeology has long yielded valuable insights into the tools and techniques that featured in past peoples’ relationship with the material world around them. We can determine, for example, how many trees would need to be felled to construct a large round-house of the southern British Iron Age (over one hundred), infer the exact angle needed to strike a flint core in order to knap an arrowhead in the manner of a Neolithic hunter-gatherer, or recreate the precise environmental conditions needed to store grain in underground silos over the winter months, with only the technologies and materials available to Romano-Briton villagers (see Coles 1973; Reynolds 1993). However, experimental archaeology has, hitherto, confined itself to rather rigid, empirical and quantitative questions such as those posed in these examples. This is quite understandable, and in line with good scientific practice, which stipulates that any ‘experiment’ must be based on replicable data, and be reproducible. Despite their potential in this area however, it is notable that digital reconstruction technologies have yet to play a significant role in experimental archaeology. Whilst many excellent examples of digital 3D reconstruction of heritage sites exist (for example the Digital Roman Forum project: http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum) most, if not all, of these are characterized by a drive to establish a photorealistic re-creation of physical features. This paper will discuss possibilities that lie beyond straightforward positivist re-creation of heritage sites, in the experimental reconstruction of intangible heritage. Between 2010 and 2012, the authors led the Motion in Place Platform project (MiPP: http://www.motioninplace.org/), a capital grant under the AHRC's DEDEFI scheme developing motion capture and analysis tools for exploring how people move through spaces. In the course of MiPP, a series of experiments were conducted using motion capture hardware and software at the Silchester Roman town archaeological excavation in Hampshire, and at the Butser Ancient Farm facility, where Romano-British and Iron Age dwellings have been constructed according to the best experimental practice. As well as reconstructing such Roman and early British dwellings in 3D, the authors were able to use motion capture to reconstruct the kind of activities that – according to the material evidence – are likely to have been carried out by the occupants who used them. Bespoke motion capture suits developed for the project were employed, and the traces captured and rendered with a combination of Autodesk and Unity3D software. This sheds new light on how the reconstructed spaces - and, by inference, their ancient counterparts - were most likely to have been used. In particular the exercises allowed the evaluation and visualisation of changes in behaviour which occur as a result of familiarity with an environment and the acquisition of expertise over time; and to assess how interaction between different actors affects how everyday tasks are carried out
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