Is Sustainable Development of Deserts Feasible?

Hot deserts that presently cover about one-fifth of the land area of our planet are rapidly devouring more and more arable lands mostly due to anthropogenic causes. We propose an interdisciplinary approach to revitalizing and commercializing hot deserts, which is based on systems thinking and Russian and NASA space technology experience in designing life-support systems for long-duration flights. We formulate ten principles for the design of sustainable life support systems in deserts, which can make the development of the deserts feasible. It is discussed how the principles can be employed to design and operate desert’s eco-industrial parks with greenhouses in which the transpired and evaporated moisture is collected and condensed. The potential benefits of setting up the eco-industrial parks in deserts include the slowdown and eventual reversal of the desertification trend, the migration of many industrial production facilities from mild-climate regions to deserts, the increased availability of potable water and food in deserts, the development of poor African countries, and the emergence of new investment markets

Methodology for the use of Equiverm-2.0% against equine parasite infections

The purpose of the research is to develop a methodology for Equiverm-2.0% paste used against equine parasite infections.The methodology provides a brief description of Equiverm-2.0%, mechanism of its action, pharmaco-toxicological properties, application, slaughter terms, and personal safety measures. Equiverm-2.0% antiparasitic paste consists of the active ingredient, ivermectin, and excipients; it is a light cream-coloured paste with a slight pine odor and sweetish taste. The drug is administered orally at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg/kg for the active substance. One gram of paste is equal to 1 mL in volume with 20 mg of ivermectin. Ivermectin in Equiverm-2.0% paste is in a dissolved form, and forms an intermolecular complex. The antiparasitic paste is packaged in disposable polyethylene syringe dispensers of 5 or 10 mL, respectively, 4 to 8 g each, per treated horse weighing 400-800 kg. When administered orally, the paste spreads in the oral cavity and the animal eats it with pleasure due to its sweetish taste. The drug is recommended for registration in the Russian Federation

Effect evaluation of supramolecular complex of ivermectin Aniverm-2.0% on postnatal development of rat offspring

The purpose of the research is to detect long-term effects of repeated oral administration of supramolecular complex of ivermectin Aniverm-2.0% on the postnatal development of rat offspring.Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on 16 white pregnant rats that were divided into two experimental and one control groups. The animals were kept under standard conditions of keeping and feeding. The supramolecular complex of ivermectin Aniverm-2.0% was administered to pregnant female rats (n = 6) of group 1 in the form of a suspension using an intragastric tube daily for 7 days at a dose of 15 mg/kg, and group 2 was given the substance of ivermectin (n = 5) at a dose of 8.25 mg/kg. The control female rats (n = 5) were administered 1 mL of distilled water during the experiment. The experimental pregnant females were left until delivery, and then, the development of their offspring was monitored for 45 days. After rat pups were born, the following were recorded: pregnancy duration, litter size, dynamics of weight gain in the rat pups for 21 days, postnatal death during the first 30 days, the ratio of males and females in the litter, periods of eye opening, incisor eruption, detachment of the auricle, appearance of hair coat, descent of testicles, and opening of the vagina. Then we assessed the maturation rate of sensory-motor reflexes in the offspring obtained from the experimental and control groups, the emotional motor behavior and ability for fine coordination of movements in the offspring, and conducted the open field-2 test on day 45 after birth.Results and discussion. No negative effect was detected for supramolecular complex of ivermectin Aniverm-2.0% on the parameters of physiological development of the offspring of the experimental rats within 45 days after birth. The dynamics of their mass, developmental parameters, and formation of motor reflexes during the feeding period remained within the normal values. Developmental indicators of sensory motor reflexes in the control and experimental rat pups had no statistically significant differences

Effects of 2.0% Equiverm in high doses on the clinical state of the horses’ organism

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the new antiparasitic 2.0% Equiverm in high doses on the clinical state of horses.Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on 15 two-year-old crossbred horses weighing up to 300 kg spontaneously infected with Strongylata. To determine the effect of the antiparasitic paste on the horses, three groups of five horses each were formed. The first group of the horses was administered 2.0% Equiverm at a therapeutic dose; the second, at a three-fold increased dose, and the third, at a five-fold increased dose (0.2; 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg for the active substance (AS), and 1.0; 3.0 and 5.0 mL per 100 kg of body weight for the drug). The horses’ clinical state was studied using standard methods. Blood samples for the study were taken from the jugular vein before the drug on the first, third and seventh days. The results obtained were statistically processed using the computer tool Microsoft Excel 2007.Results and discussion. It was found that the antiparasitic paste 2.0% Equiverm had no negative effect on clinical, hematological or biochemical parameters after a single oral administration at a therapeutic, three- and five-fold increased dose (0.2; 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg for the AS, and 1.0; 3.0 and 5.0 mL per 100 kg of the body weight for the drug)

Helminth fauna in diurnal birds of prey of the order Falconiformes

The purpose of the research is to study the infection of diurnal birds of prey of the order Falconiformes with helminths and to determine the helminth species composition by the example of the Noyev Kovcheg Conservation Nature’s Nursery in the Altai Territory.Materials and methods. We studied diurnal birds of prey of the order Falconiformes for helminthosis in the Altai Territory, in the Noyev Kovcheg Conservation Nature’s Nursery, in 2022. For the parasitological study of birds, we used laboratory methods of helminthocoprological studies: helminthoovoscopy and helminthoscopy. Species identification was determined by characteristic morphological features of helminth eggs, larvae and fragments. To assess the infeсtion with certain types of helminths, we used standard indicators for parasitological research, namely, infection prevalence and infection intensity amplitude.Results and discussion. In 58 studied diurnal birds of prey of the order Falconiformes, 8 helminth species were identified of which 6 nematode species, namely, Ascaridia galli, Tetrameres sobolevi, Capillaria caudinflata, Heterakis gallinarum, Trichostrongylus spp., and Singamus trachea; 1 trematode species, Strigea spp.; and 1 cestode species, Raillietina echinobothrida. These species occurred throughout all seasons of 2022

Методика по применению эквиверма-2,0% при паразитозах лошадей

The purpose of the research is to develop a methodology for Equiverm-2.0% paste used against equine parasite infections.The methodology provides a brief description of Equiverm-2.0%, mechanism of its action, pharmaco-toxicological properties, application, slaughter terms, and personal safety measures. Equiverm-2.0% antiparasitic paste consists of the active ingredient, ivermectin, and excipients; it is a light cream-coloured paste with a slight pine odor and sweetish taste. The drug is administered orally at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg/kg for the active substance. One gram of paste is equal to 1 mL in volume with 20 mg of ivermectin. Ivermectin in Equiverm-2.0% paste is in a dissolved form, and forms an intermolecular complex. The antiparasitic paste is packaged in disposable polyethylene syringe dispensers of 5 or 10 mL, respectively, 4 to 8 g each, per treated horse weighing 400-800 kg. When administered orally, the paste spreads in the oral cavity and the animal eats it with pleasure due to its sweetish taste. The drug is recommended for registration in the Russian Federation.Цель исследований – разработать методику по применению пасты эквиверм-2,0% при паразитозах лошадей.В методике приведена краткая характеристика эквиверма-2,0%, механизм его действия, фармакотоксикологические свойства, порядок применения, сроки убоя животных и меры личной безопасности. Противопаразитарная паста эквиверм-2,0% (Equiverm-2,0%) состоит из действующего вещества ивермектина и вспомогательных компонентов; представляет собой пасту светло-кремового цвета, с лёгким хвойным запахом, сладковатым вкусом. Препарат назначают перорально в терапевтической дозе 0,2 мг/кг по ДВ. 1 г пасты равен по объёму 1 мл с содержанием 20 мг ивермектина. Ивермектин в пасте эквиверм-2,0% находится в растворённом виде, образуя межмолекулярный комплекс. Противопаразитарная паста расфасована в одноразовые полиэтиленовые шприцы-дозаторы ёмкостью 5 или 10 мл, соответственно по 4-8 г в каждый, в расчете на обработку лошади массой 400–800 кг. При оральном введении паста растекается в полости рта и из-за сладковатого вкуса животное с удовольствием поедает ее. Препарат рекомендован к регистрации в Российской Федерации

Доклиническое тестирование нового отечественного супрамолекулярного комплекса триклабендазола «триклафасцид» на эмбриотропную активность

The purpose of the study: embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of a new domestic supramolecular complex of triclabendazole “Triclafascid”. Materials and methods. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of new domestic formulations studied Triclafascid accordance with the “Manual on experimental (preclinical) study of new pharmacological substances”. The study embryotrophic actions supramolecular complex preparation on the basis of the substance of triclabendazole was performed on 40 white mongrel female rats weighing 220-260g and 10 males, in accordance with the guidelines on the assessment of the impact of drugs on generative function of animals. To rats-females were placed overnight male ratio of 1:4. Detection of sperm in the vaginal smear, the females, on the morning after the infusion of the male is pointed at fertilization -the first day of pregnancy. Since the sensitivity of the embryo to chemical and depends on the various stages of fetal development, the animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Triclafascid was administered orally to pregnant females three times increased therapeutic dose of 6.0 mg/kg (60 mg/kg of the drug), the first group 1 on day 6 of pregnancy, the second from 7 - 14, third 15 and 19, the fourth group served as control and received 1% starch gel. On the 20th pregnancy day, the rats were euthanized with carbon dioxide. After slaughter and opening of the abdominal cavity have been removed the uterus with the fruit. Counted the number of yellow bodies of pregnancy, places of implantation, resorption, live and dead embryos. To assess the embryotoxic effect of the fruits were viewed under binocular magnifying glass to detect external anomalies, weighed, measured the cranio-caudal size, weight and diameter of placenta. Was determined pre - and postimplantation loss and total embryonic mortality of embryos. After inspection, the embryos from each rat was divided into two equal groups: the first were fixed in solution of Bouin for 14 days to study the internal organs of fetuses, and anomalies in developing fetuses, which are indications of teratogenic effect is determined by the method of J. G. Wilson (1965) in modification of the Department of embryology held the Academy of medical Sciences of the USSR (the scheme of transects made through the fetus); the second was fixed in 96 alcohol for study of the bone system after its dyeing by the method of Dawson (A. B. Dawson, 1926). The parameters obtained were processed by variation statistics with the help of simple comparisons of average according to the bilateral student’s t-test. The difference was determined at 0.05 level of significance. The calculations were performed using the “Student-200”. The results and discussion. As shown by the results of studies Triclafascid showed no embryotoxic activity when exposed to 3-fold increased therapeutic dose of 6.0 mg/kg po DV. So, overall, pre-and postimplantation mortality of fetuses in the experimental and control groups did not differ significantly, as with the introduction of the drug for 1-6 days of pregnancy and 7 -14 and 15 - 19 days. Based on these data it can be concluded that the drug Triclafascid has no negative influence on embryonic development. Values pre - and postimplantation and total embryonic mortality of experimental animals in comparison with control values, we can say that the drug did not induce the death of embryos in different periods of embryogenesis. The mass and size of the fruit also did not differ from the control, which indicates the absence of embryotoxic effect. A careful visual inspection of fruits in all experimental groups was not detected for any external malformations compared with controls. By the execution of nine sagittal sections of internal abnormalities, malformations of the internal organs, disorders of the topography was found. A teratogenic effect characterized by different anomalies of the internal organs of fetuses (Wilson’s method) and external defects were also not observed. When studying the skeletal system: the sizes of the rudiments of the shoulder; brachial; ulnar; radial; femoral; large and small tibial bones from experimental and control embryos were similar in metrics (length, mm). The condition of the bone system was unchanged (P>0,05). Therefore, Triclafascid showed no teratogenic activity when exposed at critical periods of embryogenesis of rats.Цель исследования: эмбриотоксическое и тератогенное действие нового отечественного супрамолекулярного комплекса триклабендазола «триклафасцид». Материалы и методы. Эмбриотоксическое и тератогенное действие новой отечественной лекарственной формы триклафасцида изучали соответствии с «Руководством по экспериментальному (доклиническому) изучению новых фармакологических веществ». Изучение эмбриотропного действия супрамолекулярного комплексного препарата на основе субстанции триклабендазола проводили на 40 белых беспородных крысах - самках массой 220-260г и 10 самцах, в соответствии с Методическими рекомендациями по оценке влияния препарата на генеративную функцию животных. К крысам-самкам подсаживали на ночь самцов из соотношения 1:4. Обнаружение спермиев во влагалищном мазке самки, на утро, после подсадки самца указывало на оплодотворение -первый день беременности. Так как чувствительность эмбриона к химическому веществу различна и зависит от стадий развития плода, животных разделили на 4 группы, по 10 особей в каждой. Триклафасцид вводили беременным самкам перорально в трехкратно увеличенной терапевтической дозе 6,0 мг/кг (60 мг/кг по препарату), первой группе с 1 по 6 день беременности, второй с 7 - 14, третьей с 15 - 19, четвертая группа служила контролем и получала 1% крахмальный гель. На 20-й день беременности крыс усыпляли углекислым газом. После убоя и вскрытия брюшной полости извлекали матку с плодами. Подсчитывали количество желтых тел беременности, мест имплантации, резорбции, живых и мертвых эмбрионов. Для оценки эмбриотоксического эффекта плоды просматривали под бинокулярной лупой для обнаружения внешних аномалий развития, взвешивали, измеряли кранио-каудальный размер, массу и диаметр плаценты. Определяли пред- и постимплантационную гибель и общую эмбриональную смертность эмбрионов. После осмотра эмбрионы от каждой крысы делили на две равные группы: первую фиксировали в растворе Буэна на 14 суток для изучения внутренних органов плодов и аномалий в развитии плодов, которые являются показателями тератогенного эффекта определяемые по методу J.G. Wilson (1965) в модификации отдела эмбриологии НИИЭМ АМН СССР (схема разрезов, сделанных через плод); вторую-фиксировали в 96° спирте для изучения костной системы после ее окрашивания по методу Даусона (A.B. Dawson, 1926). Полученные параметры обрабатывали методом вариационной статистики с помощью простого сравнения средних по двустороннему t-критерию Стьюдента. Различие определяли при 0,05 уровне значимости. Расчет выполнен с помощью программы «Student-200». Результаты и обсуждение. Как показали результаты исследований, триклафасцид не проявил эмбриотоксической активности при воздействии в 3-кратно увеличенной терапевтической дозе 6,0 мг/кг по ДВ. Так, уровень общей, пред-и постимплантационной смертности плодов в подопытных и контрольной группах достоверно не отличались, как при введении препарата на 1-6 дни беременности, так и на 7 - 14 и 15 - 19 дни. На основании полученных данных можно сделать вывод о том, что препарат Триклафасцид не оказывает отрицательного влияния на эмбриональное развитие плода. По значениям пред- и постимплатационной и общей эмбриональной смертности опытных животных, в сравнении с контрольными значениями, можно сказать, что препарат не индуцировал гибель эмбрионов в различные периоды эмбриогенеза. Масса и размеры плодов также не отличались от контроля, что говорит об отсутствии эмбриотоксического эффекта. При тщательном визуальном осмотре плодов во всех опытных группах не было обнаружено каких-либо внешних аномалий развития, в сравнении с контролем. По результатам выполнения девяти сагиттальных разрезов внутренних уродств, аномалий развития внутренних органов, нарушения топографии не было обнаружено. Тератогенный эффект, характеризующийся различными аномалиями со стороны внутренних органов плодов (метод Вильсона) и внешними дефектами развития, также не был отмечен. При изучении костной системы: размеры зачатков лопаточной; плечевой; локтевой; лучевой; бедренной; большой и малой берцовых костей у опытных и контрольных эмбрионов были близки по показателям (длина, мм). Состояние костной системы было без изменений (P>0,05). Следовательно, триклафасцид не проявил тератогенной активности при воздействии в “критические” периоды эмбриогенеза крыс

ОЦЕНКА ПРАЗИФЕНА НА ЭМБРИТОКСИЧЕСКОЕ И ТЕРАТОГЕННОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ

Prazifen in a dose of 1,0/10,0 and 3,0/30,0 mg/kg DV respectively on praziquantel and fenbendazole at introduction in stomach during the various periods of embryogenesis didn't show embryotoxic and teratogenic action.В опытах на самках белых крыс паста празифена в дозе по ДВ 1,0/10,0 и 3,0/30,0 мг/кг соответственно по празиквантелу и фенбендазолу при введении в желудок в различные периоды эмбриогенеза не проявила эмбриотоксического и тератогенного действия

Comments on QED with background electric fields

It is well known that there is a total cancellation of the \emph{factorizable} IR divergences in unitary interacting field theories, such as QED and quantum gravity. In this note we show that such a cancellation does not happen in QED with background electric fields which can produce pairs. There is no factorization of the IR divergences.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figur

КУМУЛЯТИВНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА НОВОГО ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО АНТИГЕЛЬМИНТИКА НАДИНАТА

Cumulative properties of a new domestic anthelmintic nadinate as well as its effect on cestodes and nematodes have been studied. The experiments have been performed in white mongrel male rats which were injected with a nadinate suspension prepared on the base of 1 % starch mucilage. Nadinat appointed in the first four days in a dose of 500,7 mg/kg and then every four days 1,5 times to 50 % death of animals. By injection of nadinate into the rats stomachs the cumulative coefficient was 3,2 over 28 days what is the evidence of absence of cumulative properties. Изучены кумулятивные свойства нового отечественного антигельминтного препарата надината, обладающего цестодоцидной и нематодоцидной активностью. Опыты проводили на белых беспородных крысах-самцах, которым вводили суспензию надината, приготовленную на 1%-ной крахмальной взвеси. Надинат назначали в первые четыре дня в дозе 500,7 мг/кг и далее через каждые четыре дня дозу увеличивали в 1,5 раза до 50%-ной гибели животных. При введении надината в желудок белым крысам в течение 28 сут коэффициент кумуляции составил 3,2, что говорит об отсутствии кумулятивных свойств.