7,975 research outputs found
Energy Threshold for D+H_2→DH+H Reaction
We have been able to measure the threshold
energy Eo for the reaction D+H_2→DH+H. The
value obtained was (0.33±0.02) eV. Apparently, this
is the first direct determination of a threshold energy
for a reaction involving the formation and breaking of
covalent bond
Determination of Electronic Energy Levels of Molecules by Low-Energy Electron Impact Spectroscopy
This paper describes a new spectroscopic tool in
which optically forbidden electronic transitions can
usually be detected as clearly as optically allowed ones
in a fairly routine manner. It uses the inelastic scattering of low-energy electrons by molecules as the
means for determining their electronic energy levels
What is moving in hybrid halide perovskite solar cells?
Organic-inorganic semiconductors, which adopt the perovskite crystal
structure, have perturbed the landscape of contemporary photovoltaics research.
In this Account, we discuss the internal motion of methylammonium lead iodide
(CHNHPbI) and formamidinium lead iodide ([CH(NH)]PbI),
covering: (i) molecular rotation-libration in the cuboctahedral cavity; (ii)
drift and diffusion of large electron and hole polarons; (iii) transport of
charged ionic defects. These processes give rise to a range of properties that
are unconventional for photovoltaic materials, including frequency-dependent
permittivity, low electron-hole recombination rates, and current-voltage
hysteresis. Multi-scale simulations - drawing from electronic structure, ab
initio molecular dynamic and Monte Carlo techniques - have been combined with
neutron scattering and ultra-fast vibrational spectroscopy to qualify the
nature and timescales of the motions. Recent experimental evidence and
theoretical models for simultaneous electron transport and ion transport in
these materials has been presented, suggesting they are mixed-mode conductors
with similarities to metal oxide perovskites developed for battery and fuel
cell applications. We expound on the implications of these effects for the
photovoltaic action. The temporal behaviour found in hybrid perovskites
introduces a sensitivity in materials characterisation to the time and length
scale of the measurement, as well as the history of each sample. It also poses
significant challenges for accurate materials and device simulations. Herein,
we critically discuss the atomistic origin of the dynamic processes.Comment: 29 pages, 3 figure
Dielectric Breakdown of a Mott Insulator
We study the nonequilibrium steady state of a Mott insulator coupled to a
thermostat and driven by a constant electric field, starting from weak fields,
until the dielectric breakdown, and beyond. We find that the conventional Zener
picture does not describe the steady-state physics. In particular, the current
at weak field is found to be controlled by the dissipation. Moreover, in
connection with the electric-field-driven dimensional crossover, we find that
the dielectric breakdown occurs when the field strength is on the order of the
Mott gap of the corresponding lower-dimensional system. We also report a
resonance and the meltdown of the quasiparticle peak when the field strength is
half of this Mott gap.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures. v2: references adde
Energy dependence of the differential photoelectron cross sections of molecular nitrogen
The angular distribution of photoelectron intensity for molecular nitrogen was studied using He I and Ne I resonance line discharge light sources. Studies of photoelectron angular distributions covering a range of photon energies, and thus a range of photoelectron energies, are possible using the weaker high order lines in each discharge as well as the principal lines. Peaks in three photoelectron bands of N_2 were studied at the photon energies 16.85, 19.78, 21.22, 23.09, and 23.74 eV, where possible. We find that the v′=0 peak of the X^ 2Σ^+_g band has abnormally high intensity and, at the higher photon energies, an abnormally low angular distribution asymmetry parameter, β. Several mechanisms for this anomaly are discussed, including autoionization, the variation of electric dipole transition moments with internuclear distance, and possible shape resonance phenomena. None of these explanations is completely in agreement with all theoretical and experimental evidence
Photoelectron spectroscopy of ethylene, isobutylene, trimethylethylene, and tetramethylethylene at variable angles
Using a HeI line 58.4 nm source lamp, photoelectron angular distributions were measured for the series of four olefins: ethylene, isobutylene (2‐methyl‐propene), trimethylethylene (2‐methyl‐2‐butene), and tetramethylethylene (2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene). From these, the asymmetry parameter β as a function of photoelectron energy was obtained for each of these molecules. The following important effects in the behavior of β are observed: (a) In the π orbital ionization regions of the spectrum of each molecule, β increases with increasing electron energy across the vibrational envelopes. (b) With increasing methyl substitution (and at a fixed photoelectron enegy) β for this band decreases. (c) In the region of the spectra of each of the methyl‐substituted ethylenes involving several 2pσ bands, this energy dependence of β behaves as if they constituted a single band, in spite of the widely differing orbital symmetries. (d) Over most of the 2pσ region of each molecule, β decreases with increasing photoelectron energy, except for the high ionization potential end of this region, where β increases instead. We attribute effects (b) and (d) to σ–π orbital mixing
Differences between Low-Energy Electron Impact Spectra at 0º and at Large Scattering Angle
The preceding Comment reports some low-energy
electron-impact spectra of helium and ethylene, obtained by a very elegant technique, which are markedly
different from the ones we obtained
1
under other experimental conditions. It is quite important to try to
understand the reasons for the differences observed.
These differences are essentially the following: (a) In
our impact spectra of helium obtained with 50-eV
electrons we observe pronounced peaks corresponding
to the 2 ^3S state and to ionization whereas Simpson
and Mielczarek do not. (b) In our spectra of ethylene
at this same incident electron energy we observe two
pronounced optically forbidden transitions an
Educational Alternatives for Vulnerable Youth: Student Needs, Program Types, and Research Directions
Chapter 1 of this document examines the need for alternative education among vulnerable youth by reviewing the numbers and characteristics of youth who disconnect from mainstream developmental pathways in various ways. The second chapter examines the question of "what is an alternative education school or program" and draws on a variety of elements from the literature to suggest the beginnings of a typology that might be used to define and organize the varieties of educational alternatives that currently exist and might be promoted in the future. Finally, Chapter 3 summarizes the findings of a roundtable on directions for future research on alternative education and describes the types of information and studies that are needed to advance the field of alternative education and foster more support for the development of high quality educational alternatives that all children can choose and benefit from
- …