Differential sensitivity of brainstem vs cortical astrocytes to changes in pH reveals functional regional specialization of astroglia

Astrocytes might function as brain interoceptors capable of detecting different (chemo)sensory modalities and transmitting sensory information to the relevant neural networks controlling vital functions. For example, astrocytes which reside near the ventral surface of the brainstem (central respiratory chemosensitive area) respond to physiological decreases in pH with vigorous elevations in intracellular Ca(2+) and release of ATP. ATP transmits astroglial excitation to the brainstem respiratory network and contributes to adaptive changes in lung ventilation. Here we show that in terms of pH-sensitivity ventral brainstem astrocytes are clearly distinct from astrocytes residing in the cerebral cortex. We monitored vesicular fusion in cultured rat brainstem astrocytes using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and found that approximately 35% of them respond to acidification with an increased rate of exocytosis of ATP-containing vesicular compartments. These fusion events require intracellular Ca(2+) signaling and are independent of autocrine ATP actions. In contrast, the rate of vesicular fusion in cultured cortical astrocytes is not affected by changes in pH. Compared to cortical astrocytes, ventral brainstem astrocytes display higher levels of expression of genes encoding proteins associated with ATP vesicular transport and fusion, including vesicle-associated membrane protein-3 and vesicular nucleotide transporter. These results suggest that astrocytes residing in different parts of the rat brain are functionally specialized. In contrast to cortical astrocytes, astrocytes of the brainstem chemosensitive area(s) possess signaling properties which are functionally relevant – they are able to sense changes in pH and respond to acidification with enhanced vesicular release of ATP

Means of Lexical Representation of Spatial Continuum in Early Stories of I. A. Bunin

The question of ways of creating a spatial continuum in the early stories of I. A. Bunin “On the wrong side”, “On the farm” and “On the Donets”, united by a single principle of nomination and included in the first book of the writer’s prose “To the end of the world” (1897) is considered in the article. The semantics of the title actualizes the spatial component of the author’s linguistic picture of the world, which determined the path of linguistic and stylistic analysis of the linguistic material of stories. The authors pay special attention to the means of lexical representation of space as one of the basic linguo-cognitive categories. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the language material has been identified, systematized and described, which makes it possible to determine the individual author's characteristics in the creation of the spatial continuum of I. A. Bunin’s early stories. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to the problems of cognitive linguistics. On the basis of statistical, descriptive and linguo-cognitive methods of analysis, the authors identify and describe the means of lexical representation of the spatial model created in the stories of I. A. Bunin, which is characterized by a clear structuredness and individuality of the author’s approach. In the course of the study, the authors come to conclusions that make it possible to characterize the features of the construction of space in the early stories of the writer, taking into account the individual characteristics of the author's world modeling, and also to analyze the linguistic parameters of the idiostyle of I. A. Bunin

Development of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of warehousing logistics in the works of Russian and foreign authors

The main approaches to the basic concepts of warehousing logistics in the works of russian and foreign authors are considered. the peculiarities of understanding the terms “warehouse”, “warehousing”, “warehousing system” are revealed. the main historical stages of the development of warehouses and storage facilities are reflected. based on the information provided, the following key features are highlighted: the warehouse is a complex system with its own interconnections and internal processes; a modern warehouse economy should be formed according to an optimized logistics system, of which it is a part, and be able to adapt to the slightest fluctuations and changes in this system; difficulties arising in the field of building a warehousing system can be solved with the help of a competently and clearly developed warehouse model based on the application of a logistics approach and the development of an adaptive warehouse management algorithm

Motive of “Liberated Soul” as a World-Modeling Universal in Lyrics of S. Parnok

The article is devoted to the analysis of the motif-figurative paradigm of the Silver Age poetess S. Parnok’s lyrics. The author’s attention is focused on the ways of stylistic representation of the world-modeling universals of the poetic world of S. Parnok, an important place among which belongs to the motive of the “liberated soul”. It is a starting point in the construction of the author’s picture of the world, in the center of which the path of the lyrical heroine to her soul underlies: its comprehension, acceptance of its contradictions and embodiment in a creative act. The novelty of the study is in the analysis of S. Parnok’s lyrics as an integral compositional and stylistic unity, structured by poetic leitmotifs. The relevance of the article is due to the appeal to the problematic field of research on poetic style. The authors made an attempt to deepen and expand scientific ideas about the stylistic phenomenon of women’s poetry of the Silver Age based on the analysis of S. Parnok’s lyrics. The conclusions of the study substantiate the semantic load and the functional role of the “liberated soul” motif in structuring the author’s poetic picture of the world. It is shown that the leading methods of its representation are metaphorization, epithets, including synesthetic ones, antithesis, oxymoron, at the level of syntactic organization — gradation, enjambment technique

Typology of risks of territories of advanced development

The article deals with the one of the most difficult aspects of the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) - risk management. That partnership is the answer to the solution of problems with the choice of an effective way of development of transport, social, communal and other infrastructure. The practice of using PPP forms is gaining popularity in the territory of Russia. The authors considers the matters of the Russian economy improvement by readjustment the existing risk management paradigm of a PPP. An integral part of highly professional risk management is the definition of management objects in the economic sphere. A number of controversial issues related to classifications of risks of PPP is raised in the article. Since the domestic theory has not yet solved the problem of clear and comprehensive risk identification in the implementation of projects based on PPP, it is necessary to develop such a classification is now becoming particularly relevant. Various available points of view on this issue are analyzed. The authors propose their position on the classification of risks for the territories of advanced development proceeding from the environment of their origin. The developed classification will help stimulate the PPP market from a practical point of view in different sectors. The modern advantages of using advanced development territories in the Russian Federation and recommended them as an organizational model of PPP are revealed. It should be noted that to date there is no single system of documents for the development of regional infrastructure, which causes a lot of uncertainties in the course of making a decision on this transaction

Additional Education for Children with Special Needs and Disabilities in the Russian Federation: National Monitoring Concept

The development of inclusive education progresses at different speeds across the world. In the Russian Federation inclusive education is developing primarily at the school level but one of the most crucial aspects of socialization is additional education, and in this regard the needs of children with special needs and disabilities remain an outstanding issue. A concept of the national monitoring of additional education for children with special needs and disabilities is proposed. The article presents the project of the toolkit for the national monitoring of entities engaged in additional educational activities for children with special needs and disabilities, which includes eight blocks: organizational structure of entities engaged in implementing additional educational programs for children in each constituent territory of the Russian Federation; implementation of additional educational programs for children with special needs and disabilities in entities with various subordination and organizational structures; material and technical support; staffing and professional training for specialists engaged in implementing additional educational programs for children with special needs and disabilities; information on ongoing additional educational programs for children with special needs and disabilities; typical obstacles which arise in the course of activities organized by entities engaged in implementing additional educational programs for children with special needs and disabilities; information resources and the system of inter-agency interaction in the course of the implementation of additional educational programs for children, including those with special needs and disabilities; financing of entities engaged in implementing additional educational programs for children. The presence/absence of a regional centre of additional education for children is going to be identified, as well as its official name, and the number of subordinate entities which implement additional educational programs in the corresponding Russian region in various areas: arts, sports, science, sociology and pedagogy, technical sciences, tourism and local history, intellectual games. The article could be of assistance for experts who study inclusion problems

Human rights risks in the constitutions of the American Federal States

The article presents the results of a comparative legal analysis of the constitutions of American federal states (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Canada, Mexico, and USA) with a view to identifying the norms that minimize human rights risk

БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА И ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ К АНТИБИОТИКАМ БАКТЕРИЙ РОДА SALMONELLA, ИЗОЛИРОВАННЫХ ИЗ ПРОДУКЦИИ ПТИЦЕВОДСТВА

Salmonelloses, which are associated with products from clinically healthy animals that undergone veterinary and sanitary observations and examinations and are secondary-contaminated in the process, transportation, processing and marketing, are at the forefront of the list of emerging food zoonoses. The haphazard use of antibiotics in agriculture contributes to the selection of resistant clones of microorganisms. The high resistance of strains of salmonella isolated from poultry production poses a real risk of transmission through the food chain to humans, as well as being perpetuated and passed on to subsequent generations of bacteria, expanding geographical areas as a result of globalization. Separation of Salmonella microorganisms from poultry production was carried out in accordance with GOST 31468-2012, antigenic profile of isolated isolates was determined according to the classification of Kaufmann-White, sensitivity of microorganisms to antibacterial preparations - according to MUK 4.2.1890-04. In the study of 503 samples of poultry production 42 isolates of microorganisms of the genus Salmonella were isolated, which amounted to 8.35% of the number of samples studied. Sensitivity to antimicrobial agents showed that 42% of the isolates were resistant to tetracyclines and only 5-16% were resistant to antibiotics of the II generation of fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin) and III generation of cephalosporins (cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone). The authors found out the change in resistance towards cephepium, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin resistance in the secondary isolates of S. virhow. The study of biological properties, frequency of isolation and resistance to various AMF of Salmonella microorganisms is an integral part of the development of mechanisms for controlling the formation of resistance to antimicrobial agents.Ведущие место в списке эмерджентных пищевых зоонозов занимают сальмонеллезы, связанные с продукцией, полученной от клинически здоровых животных, прошедшей ветеринарно-санитарную экспертизу и вторично контаминированной в процессе транспортировки, переработки и реализации. Повсеместное бессистемное использование антибиотиков в сельском хозяйстве способствует селекции резистентных клонов микроорганизмов. Высокая резистентность штаммов сальмонелл, изолированных от продукции птицеводства, представляет реальную опасность передачи их по пищевой цепи людям, а также закрепляется и передается по наследству последующим генерациям бактерий, расширяя географические ареалы в результате условий глобализации. Выделение микроорганизмов рода Salmonella из продукции птицеводства проводили по ГОСТ 31468–2012, антигенный профиль выделенных изолятов определяли согласно классификации КауфманаУайта, чувствительность микроорганизмов к антибактериальным препаратам – по МУК 4.2.1890–04. При исследовании 503 образцов продукции птицеводства выделено 42 изолята микроорганизмов рода Salmonella, что составило 8,35% от числа исследованных проб. Изучение чувствительности к антимикробным препаратам показало, что 42% изолятов были резистентны к препаратам тетрациклинового ряда и только 5–16% к антибиотикам II поколения фторхинолонов (ципрофлоксацин, норфлоксацин) и III поколения цефалоспоринов (цефотаксим, цефокситин, цефтриаксон). Выявлено изменение чувствительности в сторону резистентности к цефепиму, ципрофлоксацину и амоксициллину у вторичных изолятов S. virhow. Изучение биологических свойств, частоты выделения и устойчивости к различным АМП микроорганизмов рода Salmonella является неотъемлемой частью разработки механизмов контроля формирования резистентности к антимикробным препаратам