ETHNIC AND REGIONAL ASPECTS OF THE HUMAN PATHOLOGY PROCESSES

This article provides an overview of data on health, status depending on ethnicity and race. The influence of genetic, geographic, socioeconomic and. cultural factors. In recent years there has been deterioration in the quality of life of indigenous peoples living in the North and. Siberia. For members of the Buryat population, in comparison, with. Russian favorable characteristic for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, more severe reproductive disorders. Consideration of ethnic and. racial factors in evaluating the course and. outcomes of many diseases is necessary for understanding the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of pathological processes, the development of science-based, differentiated, treatment programs and. therapeutic activities for members of different populations

ETHNIC DIFFERENCE OF HEALTH DISORDERS IN INDIGENOUS ETHNIC GROUP OF BAIKAL REGION (LITERATURE REVIEW)

An analysis of the researches showed that the indigenous ethnic group of Baikal region has high level of adaptation to a place of residence in comparison with migrant. Rate and clinical manifestations of diseases in the Buryat ethnic group have significant differences from the Russian (moderate type 1 diabetes, severe reproductive disorders). Also, there are some differences of redox protection state in indigenous ethnic group of Baikal region that could be an additional biochemical marker of disease severity

Metabolic aspects of diabetes mellitus type 1 in representatives of different ethnic groups

Background. Oxidative stress is an acknowledged pathogenic mechanism in diabetes mellitus type 1. Incidence, severity, and rate of complications of diabetes mellitus type 1 are associated with many factors including geographic location and ethnicity. Material and methods. The features of POL-AOD processes, the levels of lactate, pyruvate, and their relationships in 30 women of Buryat and Russian ethnic groups with diabetes mellitus type 1. The materials for biochemical studies were blood serum and red cells. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used. Results. Increase of lipid peroxidation activity at the initial stages and increase of total antioxidant blood activity in Buryat patients were marked. Increase of primary and secondary lipid peroxidation products concentrations and decrease of superoxide dismutase activity in group of Russian patients were marked. It is confirmed to the oxidative stress factor. The reduced concentration of lactate and the ratio lactate/pyruvate levels in patients Buryat ethnic group were observed. More intensive accumulation of lactate and ratio of lactate/pyruvate can contribute to hypoxic events and worsen the prognosis of the disease in Russian patients. Conclusions. It was found that the degree of intensity lipid peroxidation process and lactate and the ratio lactate/pyruvate levels in patients Buryat ethnic group reduced in comparison with Russian patients. This work was supported by grant of the President of Russian Federation (№ 5646.2014.7)

The Origin of Mitochondria and their Role in the Evolution of Life and Human Health

In studies of many medical and biological problems, there is a clear underestimation of the fundamental role of mitochondria in the evolution of eukaryotic organisms on the planet, including fungi, plants and fauna. It is  important to take into consideration numerous fundamental functions of mitochondria when studying the  human physiology and pathology, aging mechanisms. In this lecture, we briefly discuss the origin of mitochondria and their importance in the emergence of plants, which appeared on the planet 1–1.5 billion years later than eukaryotes with mitochondria, and served as the food basis for the rapid evolution of all species of the animal world. In the course of transformation of protobacteria into mitochondria, approximately 1000–1500 genes were transferred to the nucleus of eukaryotes, and the remaining 37 mitochondrial genes (mtDNA) exist in all types of animals. The presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes led to increased production  of reactive oxygen species and accelerated mutations in mtDNA. The spread of sexual reproduction may have been the way of protection against the accumulation of harmful mutations in mtDNA. At the same time, in all animal species mtDNA is inherited only maternally. In humans, the maternal inheritance of mtDNA led to uneven distribution, in small or inbred populations in particular, of a number of diseases with large prevalence in men, as well as male infertility, and in general accelerated aging and shorter lifespan in men, as compared with women. These negative consequences of the maternal inheritance of mtDNA were termed as “mother’s curse”. Recent studies have shown that mtDNA mutations are not the cause of human aging. The crisis of the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging is largely associated with the neglect of the protonated form of the superoxide radical, the perhydroxyl radical, which activates the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in mitochondrial phospholipids. This results in production of various biologically active molecules and toxins. Therefore, initially aging may lack the manifestation of specific symptoms because of gradual accumulation of a wide variety of disorders and damages to the structure and functions of mitochondria and cells that finally lead to the development of diseases. The pathologies appear primarily in those organs that have a wide range of functional activity and a high dependence on oxygen consumption, namely the heart, brain, skeletal muscles and vascular epithelium

Antioxidant defense system: regulation of metabolic processes, genetic determinants, methods of determination

An increase in peroxidation activity is considered as a nonspecific process characteristic of the pathogenesis of various diseases accompanied by antioxidant deficiency. As bioregulators that can increase defense, antioxidants are important links in a multi-stage system of regulation and coordination of various body functions. The structure and function of enzymes involved in the regulation of oxidative stress can be significantly affected by genetic polymorphism. To date, the role of genes encoding the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system in the pathogenesis of many diseases remains unexplored, which is of great interest to researchers from various fields. The article presents a review and analysis of data from modern scientific literature on the role of antioxidant defense components in the regulation of metabolic processes, their genetic determinant, and summarizes data on modern methods for the determination of some antioxidants. When writing the review, the database of the scientific electronic library eLibrary was used, the keywords are oxidative stress, free radical oxidation, antioxidant protection, antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, enzyme genes, antioxidant response element, research methods; filters – publication years 2012–2022, publications with full text, publications available for viewing; English-language database of medical and biological publications, created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), keywords – lipid peroxidation, antioxidant protection, antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, enzyme genes, oxidative stress, metabolism, methods

Neuroendocrine regulation and ovarian reserve in HIV-infected women with reproductive disorders

Background: Among the subjects of the Russian Federation, Irkutsk region is an area with an unfavorable epidemiological situation for HIV-infection. Women living with HIV in Russia and visiting AIDS-centers represent a socially and economically active part of the population are at a young reproductive age and plan to have children. Aims: to study the state of the neuroendocrine system and the ovarian reserve in HIV-infected women with reproductive disorders. Materials and methods. We examined in 17 HIV-infected women with reproductive disorders and 33 women with HIV-infection and reproductive health at the age of 18-45 years (mean age 31,1 ± 4,4 years). The determination of hormone levels was carried out by a competitive solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. The obtained results testify to neuroendocrine disorders in the form of a decrease in the level of total testosterone, 17-OH progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, as a manifestation of androgen deficiency of the body, as a result of ovarian dysfunction. Decrease in the level of Anti-Mullerian Hormone and increase the content of follicle-stimulating hormone, as a manifestation of the beginning of early menopause or a factor leading to infertility. Conclusions. The results of this study show that a woman's body on the background of HIV-infection reveals disorders of the neuroendocrine system dysfunction and decreased ovarian ovarian reserve, and as a result, reproductive disorders

FREQUENCY AND METHODS OF CORRECTION OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY IN YOUNG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AT TAKING COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS

Magnesium is one of the important elements, necessary for the most of biochemical reactions, including those in nerve tissue. Magnesium insufficiency takes a leading position in the structure of elemental status pathology. 20-63 % of females of 18-45 years have borderline or moderate magnesium deficiency. Earlier conducted studies showed decreased level of magnesium in blood serum of women using combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP). We examined 137 young females of reproductive age (average age -19,1 ± 1,1 years) and defined the level of magnesium in blood serum and 24-hour urine at the background of taking COCP. Depending on the level of magnesium in blood serum all women were divided into 2 groups. Females who planned to use COCP and had initially normal level of magnesium in blood serum (n = 88) were randomized to form groups of observation and prophylaxis (with the use of magnesium preparations). All women with reduced level of magnesium (n = 49) together with hormonal contraceptive were prescribed magnesium preparation in combination with pyridoxine. The women with preventive use of magnesium-containing preparation had no significant reduction of magnesium level either in blood or in urine. And the women with reduced Mg level who were taking COCP and received magnesium-containing preparation in combination with pyridoxine had increased level of magnesium in blood serum and 24-hour urine. Thus, prescription of magnesium preparations in combination with pyridoxine to young women of reproductive age using combined oral contraceptive pills has been proved reasonable for reducing the risk of magnesium deficiency

Genes of pathogenicity of Enterococcus bacteria isolated from the vaginal biotope of women with chronic endometritis and reproductive disorders

The microflora of the vagina plays an important role and should be regarded as a kind of ecological system that reacts to any changes in the state of the woman's body. Clinically expressed genital infections are etiologically associated with opportunistic microorganisms. In the pathogenesis of dysbiosis, an important role is played not only by quantitative and qualitative changes in microflora, but also by the "pathogenic potential" of microorganisms. The aim of the work was to reveal genes of pathogenicity in strains of Enterococci of the vaginal biotope of women of the studied groups. The study involved 102 women with reproductive disorders. The main group - women with chronic endometritis (CE), (n = 63), mean age - 31.0 ± 5.3. The diagnosis of chronic endometritis was made on the basis of morphological signs of histological examination of vacuum suction biopsy. The comparison group consisted of 39 women, representative by age; in this group the diagnosis was not confirmed by the results of the histological study of the endometrium. It has been established that enterococcal strains isolated only in women with reproductive disorders and chronic endometritis are a reservoir of genetic determinants of pathogenicity factors (efaA and asa1 (12.5 %) and sprE (37.5 %))