Continental extension of northern Gondwana margin in the Eastern Himalaya: Constraints from geochemistry and U–Pb zircon ages of mafic intrusives in the Siang window, Arunachal Himalaya, India

We report new U–Pb zircon age and whole-rock geochemical data from the Pangin mafic intrusive rocks of the Siang window, eastern Himalayas. These mafic rocks are medium to coarse-grained gabbros, consisting mainly of plagioclase and clinopyroxene with accessory phases (hornblende $+$ Fe–Ti oxides) that retain granular and interlocking texture. Geochemically, they display enriched-mid oceanic ridge basalt (E-MORB) affinity characterized by moderate to slightly fractionated REE patterns marked by $(\mathrm{La}/\mathrm{Yb})_{\mathrm{N}} = 2.65-3.99$. Their geochemical characteristics suggest that the parental magmas of these rocks were formed by medium to higher degrees (∼12–28%) of partial melting similar to that of the asthenospheric mantle in the garnet-spinel transition zone. Magmatic zircons from two gabbros yield U–Pb ages of 521.50 $\sim$ 2.53 Ma and 568 ${\pm }$ 2 Ma. This new age reveals two pulses of Late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian mafic magmatism that are inconsistent with the temporal distribution of Paleozoic magmatism in the Siang window of the Eastern Himalayas. However, based on the results of this study and the correlation of continental extensional mafic magmatism in the Northwest Himalaya, we suggest that investigated mafic intrusive rocks might have been generated in an extensional tectonic environment during the long-lasting Pan-African orogenic cycle of the late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian which ended with the formation of the Gondwana supercontinent

Continental extension of northern Gondwana margin in the Eastern Himalaya: Constraints from geochemistry and U–Pb zircon ages of mafic intrusives in the Siang window, Arunachal Himalaya, India

We report new U–Pb zircon age and whole-rock geochemical data from the Pangin mafic intrusive rocks of the Siang window, eastern Himalayas. These mafic rocks are medium to coarse-grained gabbros, consisting mainly of plagioclase and clinopyroxene with accessory phases (hornblende $+$ Fe–Ti oxides) that retain granular and interlocking texture. Geochemically, they display enriched-mid oceanic ridge basalt (E-MORB) affinity characterized by moderate to slightly fractionated REE patterns marked by $(\mathrm{La}/\mathrm{Yb})_{\mathrm{N}} = 2.65-3.99$. Their geochemical characteristics suggest that the parental magmas of these rocks were formed by medium to higher degrees (∼12–28%) of partial melting similar to that of the asthenospheric mantle in the garnet-spinel transition zone. Magmatic zircons from two gabbros yield U–Pb ages of 521.50 $\sim$ 2.53 Ma and 568 ${\pm }$ 2 Ma. This new age reveals two pulses of Late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian mafic magmatism that are inconsistent with the temporal distribution of Paleozoic magmatism in the Siang window of the Eastern Himalayas. However, based on the results of this study and the correlation of continental extensional mafic magmatism in the Northwest Himalaya, we suggest that investigated mafic intrusive rocks might have been generated in an extensional tectonic environment during the long-lasting Pan-African orogenic cycle of the late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian which ended with the formation of the Gondwana supercontinent

Geochemical systematics of the Mauranipur-Babina greenstone belt, Bundelkhand Craton, Central India: Insights on Neoarchean mantle plume-arc accretion and crustal evolution

The Neoarchean Bundelkhand greenstone sequences at Mauranipur and Babina areas within the Bundelkhand Gneissic Complex preserve a variety of magmatic rocks such as komatiitic basalts, basalts, felsic volcanic rocks and high-Mg andesites belonging to the Baragaon, Raspahari and Koti Formations. The intrusive and extrusive komatiitic basalts are characterized by low SiO2 (39–53 wt.%), high MgO (18–25 wt.%), moderately high Fe2O3 (7.1–11.6 wt.%), Al2O3 (4.5–12.0 wt.%), and TiO2 (0.4–1.23 wt.%) with super to subchondritic (Gd/Yb)N ratios indicating garnet control on the melts. The intrusive komatiitic suite of Ti-enriched and Al-depleted type possesses predominant negative Eu and positive Nb, Ti and Y anomalies. The chemical composition of basalts classifies them into three types with varying SiO2, TiO2, MgO, Fe2O3, Al2O3 and CaO. At similar SiO2 content of type I and III basalts, the type II basalts show slightly high Al2O3 and Fe2O3 contents. Significant negative anomalies of Nb, Zr, Hf and Ti, slightly enriched LREE with relatively flat HREE and low ∑REE contents are observed in type I and II basalts. Type III basalts show high Zr/Nb ratios (9.8–10.4), TiO2 (1.97–2.04 wt.%), but possess strikingly flat Zr, Hf, Y and Yb and are uncontaminated. Andesites from Agar and Koti have high SiO2 (55–64 wt.%), moderate TiO2 (0.4–0.7 wt.%), slightly low Al2O3 (7–11.9 wt.%), medium to high MgO (3–8 wt.%) and CaO contents (10–17 wt.%). Anomalously high Cr, Co and Ni contents are observed in the Koti rhyolites. Tholeiitic to calc alkaline affinity of mafic-felsic volcanic rocks and basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite differentiation indicate a mature arc and thickened crust during the advanced stage of the evolution of Neoarchean Bundelkhand greenstone belt in a convergent tectonic setting where the melts were derived from partial melting of thick basaltic crust metamorphosed to amphibolite-eclogite facies. The trace element systematics suggest the presence of arc-back arc association with varying magnitudes of crust-mantle interaction. La/Sm, La/Ta, Nb/Th, high MgO contents (>20 wt.%), CaO/Al2O3 and (Gd/Yb)N > 1 along with the positive Nb anomalies of the komatiite basalts reflect a mantle plume source for their origin contaminated by subduction-metasomatized mantle lithosphere. The overall geochemical signatures of the ultramafic-mafic and felsic volcanic rocks endorse the Neoarchean plume-arc accretion tectonics in the Bundelkhand greenstone belt. Keywords: Bundelkhand craton, Greenstone belts, Mantle dynamics, Plume-arc accretion, Neoarchean crustal evolutio

Paleoproterozoic arc basalt-boninite-high magnesian andesite-Nb enriched basalt association from the Malangtoli volcanic suite, Singhbhum Craton, eastern India: geochemical record for subduction initiation to arc maturation continuum

The Singhbhum Craton of eastern India preserves distinct signatures of ultramafic-mafic-intermediate-felsic magmatism of diverse geodynamic affiliations spanning from Paleo-Mesoarchean to Proterozoic. Here we investigate the 2.25 Ga Malangtoli volcanic rocks that are predominantly clinopyroxene- and plagioclase-phyric, calc-alkaline in nature, display basalt-basaltic andesite compositions, and preserve geochemical signatures of subduction zone magmatism. Major, trace and rare earth element characteristics classify the Malangtoli volcanic rocks as arc basalts, boninites, high magnesian andesites (HMA) and Nb enriched basalts (NEB). The typical LILE enriched-HFSE depleted geochemical attributes of the arc basalts corroborate a subduction-related origin. The boninitic rocks have high Mg# (0.8), MgO (>25 wt.%), Ni and Cr contents, high Al₂O₃/TiO₂ (>20), Zr/Hf and (La/Sm)N (>1) ratios with low (Gd/Yb)N (54 wt.%), MgO (>6 wt.%), Mg# (0.47) with elevated Cr, Co, Ni and Th contents, depleted (Nb/Th)N, (Nb/La)N, high (Th/La)N and La/Yb (<9) ratio, moderate depletion in HREE and Y with low Sr/Y. The NEBs have higher Nb contents (6.3–24 ppm), lower magnitude of negative Nb anomalies with high (Nb/Th)pm = 0.28–0.59 and (Nb/La)pm = 0.40–0.69 and Nb/U = 2.8–34.4 compared to normal arc basalts [Nb = <2 ppm; (Nb/Th)pm = 0.10–1.19; (Nb/La)pm 0.17–0.99 and Nb/U = 2.2–44 respectively] and HMA. Arc basalts and boninites are interpreted to be the products of juvenile subduction processes involving shallow level partial melting of mantle wedge under hydrous conditions triggered by slab-dehydrated fluid flux. The HMA resulted through partial melting of mantle wedge metasomatized by slab-dehydrated fluids and sediments during the intermediate stage of subduction. Slab-melting and mantle wedge hybridization processes at matured stages of subduction account for the generation of NEB. Thus, the arc basalt-boninite-HMA-NEB association from Malangtoli volcanic suite in Singhbhum Craton preserves the signature of a complete spectrum of Paleoproterozoic active convergent margin processes spanning from subduction initiation to arc maturation.M. Rajanikanta Singh, C. Manikyamba, Sohini Ganguly, Jyotisankar Ray, M. Santosh, Th. Dhanakumar Singh, B. Chandan Kuma

Continental lithospheric evolution: constraints from the geochemistry of felsic volcanic rocks in the Dharwar Craton, India

Abstract not availableC. Manikyamba, Sohini Ganguly, Abhishek Saha, M. Santosh, M. Rajanikanta Singh, D.V. Subba Ra

Neoarchaean felsic volcanic rocks from the Shimoga greenstone belt, Dharwar Craton, India: geochemical fingerprints of crustal growth at an active continental margin

Abstract not availableC. Manikyamba, Abhishek Saha, M. Santosh, Sohini Ganguly, M. Rajanikanta Singh, D.V. Subba Rao, M. Lingadevar

Sediment-infill volcanic breccia from the Neoarchean Shimoga greenstone terrane, western Dharwar Craton: implications on pyroclastic volcanism and sedimentation in an active continental margin

Abstract not availableC. Manikyamba, Abhishek Saha, Sohini Ganguly, M. Santosh, M. Lingadevaru, M. Rajanikanta Singh, D.V. Subba Ra