Atividade in vitro de extratos vegetais e isolados sobre larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas de rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus

Pesquisas de bioativos vegetais buscam a disponibilização de antiparasitários menos tóxicos e que produzam menos resíduos nos subprodutos animais e no ambiente. Este estudo investigou a ação de Hura crepitans e Artemisia annua sobre larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus. Métodos: Aproximadamente 100 larvas foram colocadas em envelopes de papel impregnado pelos extratos e a leitura da mortalidade ocorreu 24h após incubação (:t 28°C e UR 80%). As fêmeas foram imersas por 5 mino nos extratos e incubadas para posterior análise da mortalidade, postura e eclodibilidade 'dos ovos [1, 2]. Foram avaliados em 3 repetições o látex de H. crepitans nas concentrações de 0,625%, 1,25%, 2,5%, 5% e 10%, bem como o extrato etanólico de A. annua nas concentrações de 10 mg/mL, 23 mg/mL, 43 mg/mL, 77 mg/mL e 140 mg/mL. Utilizou-se o solvente Tween 80 a 0,33%, inclusive no grupo controle, completando-se o volume com água destilada. O genótipo de A. annua foi selecionado para elevado teor de artemisinina (0,97%) [3] e o extrato obtido a partir da maceração em etanol no ciclo de 3 extrações a cada 5 dias. Resultados e Discussãol Conclusão: A análise dos resultados para H. crepitans indicaram eficácia de 0% e de 15% sobre larvas e fêmeas, respectivamente, a 10%. Já para A. annua, indicaram eficácia de 28% e de 52,5% sobre larvas e fêmeas, respectivamente, â 140 mg/mL. Conclui-se que A. annua possui uso potencial sobre R. microplus em função de efeito indireto em seu ciclo, especilamente na redução da postura da fêmea ingurgitada

Otimização da eclodibilidade larvar no egg hatch test.

A padronização de metodologias in vitro é importante para a credibilidade dos dados e comparação dos resultados entre diferentes autores. Este estudo teve por objetivo a melhoria da eclodibilidade no teste com ovos de nematóides gastrintestinais. As soluções estoques foram assim produzidas: Escherichia coli: 15 mg/100mL; Anfotericina B: 25Mg/mL; meio nutritivo: 1g de extrato vegetativo, 90mL de salina normal, 10mL de solução balanceada de Earle. Realizou-se testes com metodologia padronizada avaliando-se os tratamentos: 1) controle com água destilada; 2) adição de anfotericina B (1ML da solução estoque/poço), 3) anfotericina (10ML/poço), 4) E. coli e meio nutritivo (300 ML e 120 ML respectivamente), 5) E. coli, meio nutritivo (300 ML e 120 ML) e anfotericina (1ML/poço), 6) E. coli, meio nutritivo (300 ML e 120 ML) e anfotericina (10ML/poço). Em cada poço foi usado o volume total de 1mL e adicionou-se aproximadamente 147 ovos recuperados pelo uso seqüencial de peneiras. As fezes foram colhidas de ovinos da Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste. Cada tratamento foi feito em seis repetições totalizando aproximadamente 882 ovos. As placas foram acondicionadas em B.O.D. (25°C/72 horas), quando foi realizada a contagem das larvas eclodidas. Os dados foram analisados pelo GLM do SAS e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A eclodibilidade dos tratamentos um a seis foi: 79.8%b, 66.7%c, 74,8%b, 98.4%a, 97.9%a, 99.1%a, respectivamente. Ocorreu aumento da eclodibilidade nos tratamentos 4, 5 e 6, enquanto os demais foram estatisticamente diferentes (P<0,01). A metodologia padrão não utiliza E. coli e meio, mas os resultados obtidos neste experimento indicam que sua presença estimulou o desenvolvimento e a eclodibilidade larvar por meio do aumento da permeabilidade da casca do ovo. Desta forma, recomenda-se a utilização do meio de cultura no teste, quando os índices de eclodibilidade do controle não estão satisfatórios em relação aos tratamentos com fitoterápicos ou anti-helmínticos sintéticos

Resistência de bovinos da raça nelore e cruzados nelore x Senepol e nelore x angus aos nematódeos gastrintestinais.

O uso intensivo dos anti-helmínticos em criações de bovinos tem gerado um problema crescente de resistência nos parasitas e a presença de resíduos nos produtos de origem animal. A seleção de animais geneticamente resistentes surge como uma estratégia complementar altamente viável, que facilitaria o controle dos nematódeos. As estimativas mais aceitas para a herdabilidade do OPG em bovinos variam entre 0,3 e 0,4, sugerindo que o aumento da resistência pode ser conseguido por meio de seleção. Assim, com a finalidade de verificar se existe diferença na resistência à infecção natural por nematódeos gastrintestinais

Antinociceptivna i protuupalna svojstva vodeno-etanolnog ekstrakta pokožice grožđa vrste Vitis labrusca izolirane iz otpada vinske industrije

Research background. Extracts from grape pomace, including the wine, show many biological effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Unfortunately, winemakers discard the bagasse, so the waste is not exploited, although it contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The work aims to analyze the hydroethanolic extract of peels from Vitis labrusca agro-industrial waste and to evaluate its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. This study is relevant for reusing a residue and adding value to the grape economic chain. Experimental approach. A representative sample of pomace was obtained and the peels were used to produce the extract. The phenolic compounds were determined by mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode and Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, using gallic acid as standard. The biological analyses were carried out using mice orally treated with crude extract at doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. We evaluated mechanical hyperalgesia by the von Frey method, thermal heat hyperalgesia using a hot plate at 55 °C, paw edema using a pachymeter, and neutrophil recruitment by measurement of myeloperoxidase activity. The nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity were evaluated by biochemical analyses using blood samples that were collected after the Vitis labrusca administration. Results and conclusions. In all wet winemaking residues peel mass fraction was 75%, and in dry residues 59%. We identified nine anthocyanins (3-O-glucosides: peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin; 3-p-coumaroyl-glucosides: cyanidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin, and malvidin-3,5-diglucoside), five flavonoids (apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-glucoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, isorhamnetin-3-glucoside and myricetin-3-rutinoside), and mass fraction of phenolic compounds, expressed as gallic acid equivalents, was 26.62 mg/g. In vivo assays showed that Vitis labrusca extract at mass fractions 100 and 300 mg/kg reduced carrageenan-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, 50% of the paw edema, and neutrophil recruitment. In addition, there were no indications of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Our extract obtained from winemaking residue has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, related at least in part to the presence of phenolic compounds, and it is not toxic to renal and hepatic tissues. Novelty and scientific contribution. This bio-product can be used as an alternative to synthetic anti-inflammatory agents with the same pharmacological potential and fewer side effects. We demonstrated that Vitis labrusca winemaking waste can be used for the production of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory products (nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetics) without toxicity, contributing to the environmental economy.Pozadina istraživanja. Ekstrakt komine grožđa, kao i vino, ima mnoga biološka svojstva, poput antioksidacijskog i protuupalnog učinka. Nažalost, proizvođači vina odbacuju neiskorišteni trop iako sadržava bioaktivne spojeve s antioksidacijskim i protuupalnim svojstvima. Svrha je ovoga rada bila ispitati antinociceptivna i protuupalna svojstva vodeno-etanolnog ekstrakta pokožice grožđa vrste Vitis labrusca iz agroindustrijskog otpada. Značaj je ovoga istraživanja u tome što se korištenjem otpada daje dodatna ekonomska vrijednost grožđu u uzgojnom lancu. Eksperimentalni pristup. Ekstrakt je dobiven iz pokožica izdvojenih iz reprezentativnog uzorka komine. Udjel fenolnih spojeva određen je praćenjem višestrukih reakcija pomoću masene spektrometrije i metodom Folin-Ciocalteu, uz galnu kiselinu kao standard. Biološka aktivnost ekstrakata ispitana je na miševima koji su hranjeni sirovim ekstraktom u dozama od 30, 100 i 300 mg/kg. Ispitani su sljedeći parametri: mehanička hiperalgezija pomoću von Frey filamenata, toplinska hiperalgezija na vrućoj ploči pri 55 °C, edem šape pomoću pomičnog mjerila i aktivnost mijeloperoksidaze kao pokazatelj aktivacije neutrofila. Nefrotoksičnost i hepatotoksičnost su ispitane biokemijskim pretragama uzoraka krvi miševa hranjenih ekstraktom grožđa vrste Vitis labrusca. Rezultati i zaključci. Maseni udjel pokožica u svim uzorcima otpada vinske industrije iznosio je 75 % mokre tvari i 59 % suhe tvari. Identificirali smo devet različitih antocijanina (3-O-glukozide peonidin, delfinidin, petunidin i malvidin; 3-p-kumaroil-glukozide cijanidin, peonidin, pe¬tunidin i malvidin, te malvidin-3,5-diglukozid), pet flavonoida (apigenin-7-glukozid, luteolin-7-glukozid, kvercetin-3-galaktozid, izorhamnetin-3-glukozid i miri¬cetin-3-rutinozid), a maseni udjel fenolnih spojeva, izražen kao ekvivalent galne kiseline, bio je 26,62 mg/g. Ispitivanja in vivo pokazala su da su ektrakti grožđa vrste Vitis labrusca masenog udjela 100 i 300 mg/kg smanjili mehaničku i toplinsku hiperalgeziju kod miševa nakon injekcije karagenana, reducirali edem šape za 50 % i smanjili broj neutrofila. Osim toga, nije bilo pokazatelja nefrotoksičnosti i hepatotoksičnosti. Ekstrakt dobiven iz otpada vinske industrije ima analgetska i protuupalna svojstva, djelomično zbog toga što sadržava fenolne spojeve, a nije toksičan za tkiva bubrega i jetre. Novina i znanstveni doprinos. Dobiveni se bioproizvod može upotrijebiti kao alternativa sintetičkim protuupalnim agensima, s istim farmakološkim potencijalom a manje nuspojava. Pokazali smo da se vinski otpad grožđa vrste Vitis labrusca može upotrijebiti za proizvodnju antinociceptivnih i protuupalnih proizvoda (nutraceutičkih, farmaceutskih i kozmetičkih) koji nemaju toksični učinak, te na taj način pridonijeti zaštiti okoliša

The Lipid Mediator Resolvin D1 Reduces the Skin Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by UV Irradiation in Hairless Mice

UV irradiation-induced oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to the development of skin diseases. Therefore, targeting oxidative stress and inflammation might contribute to reduce skin diseases. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is a bioactive metabolite generated during inflammation to actively orchestrate the resolution of inflammation. However, the therapeutic potential of RvD1 in UVB skin inflammation remains undetermined, which was, therefore, the aim of the present study. The intraperitoneal treatment with RvD1 (3-100 ng/mouse) reduced UVB irradiation-induced skin edema, myeloperoxidase activity, matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity, and reduced glutathione depletion with consistent effects observed with the dose of 30 ng/mouse, which was selected to the following experiments. RvD1 inhibited UVB reduction of catalase activity, and hydroperoxide formation, superoxide anion production, and gp91phox mRNA expression. RvD1 also increased the Nrf2 and its downstream targets NQO1 and HO-1 mRNA expression. Regarding cytokines, RvD1 inhibited UVB-induced production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-33, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10. These immuno-biochemical alterations by RvD1 treatment had as consequence the reduction of UVB-induced epidermal thickness, sunburn and mast cell counts, and collagen degradation. Therefore, RvD1 inhibited UVB-induced skin oxidative stress and inflammation, rendering this resolving lipid mediator as a promising therapeutic agent

Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in terminals: a mathematical model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has been linked to a wide variety of behaviors including feeding and body-weight regulation, social hierarchies, aggression and suicidality, obsessive compulsive disorder, alcoholism, anxiety, and affective disorders. Full understanding of serotonergic systems in the central nervous system involves genomics, neurochemistry, electrophysiology, and behavior. Though associations have been found between functions at these different levels, in most cases the causal mechanisms are unknown. The scientific issues are daunting but important for human health because of the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other pharmacological agents to treat disorders in the serotonergic signaling system.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We construct a mathematical model of serotonin synthesis, release, and reuptake in a single serotonergic neuron terminal. The model includes the effects of autoreceptors, the transport of tryptophan into the terminal, and the metabolism of serotonin, as well as the dependence of release on the firing rate. The model is based on real physiology determined experimentally and is compared to experimental data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We compare the variations in serotonin and dopamine synthesis due to meals and find that dopamine synthesis is insensitive to the availability of tyrosine but serotonin synthesis is sensitive to the availability of tryptophan. We conduct <it>in silico </it>experiments on the clearance of extracellular serotonin, normally and in the presence of fluoxetine, and compare to experimental data. We study the effects of various polymorphisms in the genes for the serotonin transporter and for tryptophan hydroxylase on synthesis, release, and reuptake. We find that, because of the homeostatic feedback mechanisms of the autoreceptors, the polymorphisms have smaller effects than one expects. We compute the expected steady concentrations of serotonin transporter knockout mice and compare to experimental data. Finally, we study how the properties of the the serotonin transporter and the autoreceptors give rise to the time courses of extracellular serotonin in various projection regions after a dose of fluoxetine.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Serotonergic systems must respond robustly to important biological signals, while at the same time maintaining homeostasis in the face of normal biological fluctuations in inputs, expression levels, and firing rates. This is accomplished through the cooperative effect of many different homeostatic mechanisms including special properties of the serotonin transporters and the serotonin autoreceptors. Many difficult questions remain in order to fully understand how serotonin biochemistry affects serotonin electrophysiology and vice versa, and how both are changed in the presence of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Mathematical models are useful tools for investigating some of these questions.</p