Linear-Time Arguments with Sublinear Verification from Tensor Codes

Minimizing the computational cost of the prover is a central goal in the area of succinct arguments. In particular, it remains a challenging open problem to construct a succinct argument where the prover runs in linear time and the verifier runs in polylogarithmic time. We make progress towards this goal by presenting a new linear-time probabilistic proof. For any fixed $\epsilon > 0$, we construct an interactive oracle proof (IOP) that, when used for the satisfiability of an $N$-gate arithmetic circuit, has a prover that uses $O(N)$ field operations and a verifier that uses $O(N^{\epsilon})$ field operations. The sublinear verifier time is achieved in the holographic setting for every circuit (the verifier has oracle access to a linear-size encoding of the circuit that is computable in linear time). When combined with a linear-time collision-resistant hash function, our IOP immediately leads to an argument system where the prover performs $O(N)$ field operations and hash computations, and the verifier performs $O(N^{\epsilon})$ field operations and hash computations (given a short digest of the $N$-gate circuit)

Comparative studies on the pollination biology of Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius (Asteraceae) and Plumbago scandens (Plumbaginaceae) on Pinta Island and Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos

Volume: 76Start Page: 30End Page: 3

Hemofiltration-induced neuroprotection following ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is accompanied by a three to four hundred percent increase in the brain’s extracellular fluid and cerebrospinal fluid glutamate concentration, which diffuses and damages surrounding neurons. In preclinical models of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, neurological outcomes correlate closely with blood or plasma glutamate levels. Previous attempts to reduce glutamate-induced excitotoxicity after stroke have included inhibition of glutamate receptors and administration of pyruvate and oxaloacetate. These strategies, including competitive and non-competitive glutamate receptor antagonists improved preclinical stroke outcomes but were without favorable outcomes or had significant unfavorable side-effects in human trials. We propose to decrease glutamate levels via an alternative mechanism, which should improve survival and neurological outcomes, without drug-induced side effects and complications. Glutamate, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase concentrations are decreased during standard 4-hour long hemofiltration in chronic renal failure patients