The environmental impact of ports: an Australian case study

The aim of this paper is to undertake a case study of the Port of Fremantle as a first step in assessing the long run impact of Australian ports on the environment. The paper begins by considering the general relationship between ports and the environment; second, it briefly outlines the history of the Port of Fremantle; third, it considers the environmental impact of the port; and, finally, some preliminary conclusions are presented

German and international crisis management in the Sahel: why discussions about Sahel policy are going around in circles

n May, Germany’s parliament approved the country's continued military partici­pation in two missions in Mali and the Sahel. As part of the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission (MINUSMA) and the EU Training Mission EUTM Mali, up to 1,550 German soldiers can be deployed. Given the scale of these engagements, which are currently Germany's largest, German discussions on Sahel policy, like those elsewhere, have been sluggish and unproductive. One reason for this is that buzz­words and false certainties determine the debate, which is largely detached from strategic considerations. (Autorenreferat

Cameroon and Boko Haram: time to think beyond terrorism and security

The terrorist organisation Boko Haram will determine Cameroon’s medium-term domestic and security agenda. Together with an underestimated structural propensity to crisis and political conflict, this presents the country with a double challenge. The ability of Cameroonian state and society to master both is far lower than talk about this "regional anchor of stability" would have it. Europe should start developing ideas on crisis prevention. (Autorenreferat

Mali, the G5 and security sector assistance: political obstacles to effective cooperation

While the security situation in Mali and its border areas continues to deteriorate, the new "Force Conjointe" (FC) of the G5 Sahel states completed its first military operation in mid-November. Its aim is to make a regional contribution to the fight against terrorism and organized crime. A summit was held in Paris on 13 December to mobilise further financial and equipment support for FC. Germany and the EU are strongly committed to this project alongside France. However, efforts to enhance regional armed forces are fraught with problems. International partners prefer a capacity-building approach geared to short-term success over security sector reform and lack a coordinated strategy. The Malian government, on the other hand, preserves the status quo and is not prepared to accept its political responsibility. (Autorenreferat

UN peacekeeping in Mali: time to adjust Minusma's mandate

The mandate of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (Minusma) ends on 30 June 2019. There is little doubt that the UN Security Coun­cil will extend the mission. Less clear is how Minusma contributes to Mali’s stabilisation and how the mandate could be altered to increase the mission’s effectiveness. In light of changing conditions in Mali, the Security Council should consider a stronger Minusma engagement in central Mali. But for this to happen, cuts must be made in the north. (Autorenreferat

Operation Barkhane and the future of intervention in the Sahel: the shape of things to come

France is preparing to change its posture in the Sahel. After a "mini surge" of 600 addi­tional soldiers since February 2020, its counterterrorism Operation Barkhane is likely to revert to the pre-surge level, with more reductions possible in the medium term. Regardless of the details and timetable of the adjustments, French policy toward the Sahel is evolving as Paris seeks to balance a lighter military footprint with counterterror­ism goals, the continued internationalization of intervention, and more local responsibility. (author's abstract

United Nations peacekeeping and the use of force: the Intervention Brigade in Congo is no model for success

The number of uniformed personnel serving in UN peace missions reached a new record in 2016, at almost 123,000. Following grave failings of UN missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan, there is growing awareness within the UN of a widening disjoint between the expectations placed upon peacekeeping forces and what they can actually achieve. One aspect of the debate relates to the question of how robustly UN missions should operate in enforcing their mandate. In some quarters the resolute use of force is seen as the key to greater success. Almost three years ago the UN sent a Force Intervention Brigade to Congo with an explicit mandate to neutralise armed groups. An assessment of its record reveals that the brigade cannot be regarded as an organisational model worth replicating, and that peace-enforcing mandates do not necessarily lead to greater success in peacekeeping. (author's abstract

France's Africa policy under president Macron: good intentions, partial reform and the fiasco in the Sahel

Since his election in 2017, President Emmanuel Macron has tried to distance himself from established and widely criticised patterns of France's Africa policy. He diversified relations with Africa in regional and substantive terms, integrated non-state actors and cultivated a comparatively open approach to France’s problematic past on the con­tinent. However, Macron's efforts to craft a narrative of change was overshadowed by path dependencies, above all the continuation of the military engagement in the Sahel and incoherent relations with autocratic governments. The involuntary military withdrawal first from Mali (2022), from Burkina Faso (2023) and finally from Niger (announced for late 2023) marks a historic turning point in Franco-African relations. The question is no longer whether relations between France and its former colonies will change; the real question is whether Paris will be able to shape this change or if it will be a mere bystander to a transformation that is largely driven by African actors. (author's abstract

The performance of Western Australian ports

The purpose of this report is to describe and assess the performance of Western Australia’s eight port authorities.2 The context for this research is a February 2006 report by Access Economics prepared for the Australian Council for Infrastructure Development (AusCID) (A Scorecard of the Design of Economic Regulation of Infrastructure, July 2006). This report aimed to rate “the extent to which the regime [for third party access] in each jurisdiction is designed in a way that is likely to foster good decisions and outcomes”; it explicitly did “not rate the decisions, or outcomes, of each jurisdiction’s regulatory regime or the industry that it regulates”

The history and characteristics of the Mobulid Ray Fishery in the Bohol Sea, Philippines

The fishery for mobulid rays, also known as devil rays, has been practiced in the Bohol Sea for over a century yet very little is known about its history and characteristics. This study provides the first detailed description of the mobulid ray fishery in the Bohol Sea, Philippines. It describes the history and evolution of the fishery from the 19th century to 2013. It characterizes the fishery based on the species targeted, gears used, the organization, catch distribution, processing, monetary value, and the market of its by-products. This paper also analyses the changes that occurred through time, the management of the fishery and the drivers of the fishery. A multi-disciplinary approach was employed by combining ethno-historical research methods and catch landing monitoring in four primary sites within the Bohol Sea. This fishery began as an artisanal fishery using sail and row boats equipped with harpoons and gaff hooks practiced in at least four coastal villages in Bohol, Camiguin and Limasawa. The fishing fleet has decreased since the beginning of the 20th century however, with the motorization of the fishery and shift to the use of gillnets, the extent of the fishing grounds and market of the products have expanded. Four species of mobulid rays are caught in the Bohol Sea: Manta birostris, Mobula japanica, Mobula thurstoni and Mobula tarapacana. A fifth species, targeted by a fishing community off Dinagat as an off-shoot of the Bohol fishery is most likely the Manta alfredi. Currently, the fishery for mobulids is centered in Bohol Province where it has been practiced longest. The monetary value of mobulids in this region has increased and the dependence of fishing communities for their livelihood is significant. The unique characteristics of this fishery and the socio-cultural context within which it operates merits a thorough investigation in order to design the appropriate management strategy