Intrusion of Out-group/Females in In-group’s/Males’ Domains and its Consequences in Children’s Novel Matilda

It is very important to form social relations with people in the society In order to form the social relation with each other people have to know each other In order to know each other people usually utilize the pre-conceived ideas or views about one another without knowing them personally For instance women are kind and loving where as men are brave and blunt This pre-conceived idea about men and women may be faulty because not all women might be kind and loving or not all men might be brave and blunt If one says that women are kind and loving it may mean that such a person may expect all women to be kind and loving This stereotypical attitude of a person may lead him her to behave unjustly to a woman whom he she finds not loving and kind With the help of pre-conceived or faulty information people put the other group of people in different categories Thus people have formed different groups in order to judge other people These groups may be formed on the basis of race gender status power and so on When the people from a certain group judge the person as different from their group without knowing him her personally they apply their pre-conceived or faulty information it may lead a clash between the peopl

કોળી પટેલ સ્ત્રીઓમાં સામાજિક-કાયદાકીય અને રાજકીય જાગૃતિ - એક અભ્યાસ (અમદાવાદ જિલ્લાના સાણંદ તાલુકાના સંદર્ભમાં)

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A study of maternal mortality due to non-obstetric causes

Background: Pregnancy, although being considered a physiological state, carries the risk of serious maternal morbidity and at times mortality, due to various complications that may arise during pregnancy, labour or thereafter. The existing medical condition, infection, and surgical condition which is collectively called as non- obstetric cause pre disposes a women for more complication than a non-pregnant women, so much so that it can lead to maternal mortality. Thus, Pregnancy is more vulnerable state and present study was carried out to study, analyse and review various non-obstetrics causes of death of women during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy in Tertiary care centre.Methods: This was an Observational study, conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, at a tertiary care hospital attached with medical college, from October 2016 to October 2018. The details of maternal deaths were collected from various departments with non- obstetric causes and analyzed.Results: The total number of deliveries in my study period was 15,208. There were 197 maternal mortality in our study period, of which 51 women died of non-obstetric causes. The most common cause of maternal mortality in our study was hepatic cause i.e. 33.33% amongst which viral hepatitis was the most common cause followed by respiratory (19.60%), infectious (15.18%), heamoglobinopathy (13.72%), cardiac (5.88%), neurological (5.88%), surgical (5.88%) causes.Conclusions: Looking into our study, maternal mortality can be reduced by identifying various different indirect medical causes which are preventable by proper pre-pregnancy evaluation for pre-existing comorbid conditions

Changes in epithelial proportions and transcriptional state underlie major premenopausal breast cancer risks

The human breast undergoes lifelong remodeling in response to estrogen and progesterone, but hormone exposure also increases breast cancer risk. Here, we use single-cell analysis to identify distinct mechanisms through which breast composition and cell state affect hormone signaling. We show that prior pregnancy reduces the transcriptional response of hormone-responsive (HR+) epithelial cells, whereas high body mass index (BMI) reduces overall HR+ cell proportions. These distinct changes both impact neighboring cells by effectively reducing the magnitude of paracrine signals originating from HR+ cells. Because pregnancy and high BMI are known to protect against hormone-dependent breast cancer in premenopausal women, our findings directly link breast cancer risk with person-to-person heterogeneity in hormone responsiveness. More broadly, our findings illustrate how cell proportions and cell state can collectively impact cell communities through the action of cell-to-cell signaling networks

The crosstalk between amyloid-β, retina, and sleep for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u27s disease: A narrative review

Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, which is characterised by progressive memory loss and accumulation of hallmark markers amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the diseased brain. The current gold standard diagnostic methods have limitations of being invasive, costly, and not easily accessible. Thus, there is a need for new avenues, such as imaging the retina for early AD diagnosis. Sleep disruption is symptomatically frequent across preclinical and AD subjects. As circadian activity, such as the sleep-wake cycle, is linked to the retina, analysis of their association may be useful additions for achieving predictive AD diagnosis. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of human retina studies concerning the deposition of Aβ, the role of the retina in sleep-wake cycle, the disruption of sleep in AD, and to gather evidence for the associations between Aβ, the retina, and sleep. Understanding the mechanisms behind the associations between Aβ, retina, and sleep could assist in the interpretation of retinal changes accurately in AD

Shape from Sound: Toward New Tools for Quantum Gravity

To unify general relativity and quantum theory is hard in part because they are formulated in two very different mathematical languages, differential geometry and functional analysis. A natural candidate for bridging this language gap, at least in the case of the Euclidean signature, is the discipline of spectral geometry. It aims at describing curved manifolds in terms of the spectra of their canonical differential operators. As an immediate benefit, this would offer a clean gauge-independent identification of the metric’s degrees of freedom in terms of invariants that should be ready to quantize. However, spectral geometry is itself hard and has been plagued by ambiguities. Here, we regularize and break up spectral geometry into small, finite-dimensional and therefore manageable steps. We constructively demonstrate that this strategy works at least in two dimensions. We can now calculate the shapes of two-dimensional objects from their vibrational spectra

Towards an Institutional Strategy for the Study of Sustainability (NIAS/U/RR/09/2020)

Over the last three decades, NIAS has evolved as one of India’s leading multidisciplinary research and training institutions. It has, during this period, built on its mandate to carry out multidisciplinary research and to use the results of that research to help build a new leadership in India. A major step in this direction was taken by focusing on specific initiatives, drawing on inputs from multiple disciplines. The practice of multidisciplinary research has, over time, thrown up not just answers to questions that have been asked about diverse aspects of the country, but also raised new questions. Some of these questions have been recurring, arising again and again in the course of multidisciplinary research in very different directions. Among the more frequent of these recurring questions are those that relate, directly or indirectly, to issues of sustainability. A strategy for national security would self-destruct if it used resources in a manner that was not sustainable; the protection of our heritage can be seen as a response to the need to sustain memories of our past; the need to study inequality comes from an understanding that grossly unequal societies are not sustainable; and so on. As individual programmes have responded to these challenges, an institute-wide approach to sustainability has evolved from below. This note seeks to make this approach explicit by placing it in the context of the larger debate on sustainability. It then goes on to develop this approach into a strategy to enhance the contribution of NIAS to the larger cause of sustainability, in the realms of theory, empirical evaluation, and policy

Macrolide‐resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in transplantation: Increasingly typical?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common bacterial causes of pneumonia. Macrolide‐resistant M pneumoniae (MRMP) was documented in 7.5% of isolates in the United States. Resistance portends poor outcomes to macrolide therapy, yet patients respond well to fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines such as minocycline. However, MRMP may be under‐appreciated because M pneumoniae generally causes relatively mild infections in non‐immunosuppressed adults that may resolve without effective therapy and because microbiological confirmation and susceptibility are not routinely performed. We report two cases of pneumonia due to MRMP in kidney transplant recipients. Both patients required hospital admission, worsened on macrolide therapy, and rapidly defervesced on doxycycline or levofloxacin. In one case, M pneumoniae was only identified by multiplex respiratory pathogen panel analysis of BAL fluid. Macrolide resistance was confirmed in both cases by real‐time PCR and point mutations associated with macrolide resistance were identified. M pneumoniae was isolated from both cases, and molecular genotyping revealed the same genotype. In conclusion, clinicians should be aware of the potential for macrolide resistance in M pneumoniae, and may consider non‐macrolide‐based therapy for confirmed or non‐responding infections in patients who are immunocompromised or hospitalized.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163484/2/tid13318.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163484/1/tid13318_am.pd

Association of Infectious Disease Physician Approval of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter With Appropriateness and Complications

Importance: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are frequently used to deliver intravenous antimicrobial therapy. However, inappropriate PICC use may lead to patient harm. Objective: To evaluate whether infectious disease physician approval prior to PICC placement for intravenous antimicrobials is associated with more appropriate device use and fewer complications. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study of 21 653 PICCs placed for a primary indication of intravenous antimicrobial therapy between January 1, 2015, and July 26, 2019, was conducted in 42 hospitals participating in a quality collaborative across Michigan among hospitalized medical patients. Main Outcomes and Measures: Appropriateness of PICCs was defined according to the Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenous Catheters as a composite measure of (1) single-lumen catheter use, (2) avoiding use of PICCs for 5 days or less, and (3) avoiding use of PICCs for patients with chronic kidney disease (defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate/min/1.73 m2). Complications related to PICCs included catheter occlusion, deep vein thrombosis, and central line-associated bloodstream infection. The association between infectious disease physician approval, device appropriateness, and catheter complications was assessed using multivariable models, adjusted for patient comorbidities and hospital clustering. Results were expressed as odds ratios with 95% CIs. Results: A total of 21 653 PICCs were placed for intravenous antimicrobials (11 960 PICCs were placed in men [55.2%]; median age, 64.5 years [interquartile range, 53.4-75.4 years]); 10 238 PICCs (47.3%) were approved by an infectious disease physician prior to placement. Compared with PICCs with no documented approval, PICCs with approval by an infectious disease physician were more likely to be appropriately used (72.7% [7446 of 10 238] appropriate with approval vs 45.4% [5180 of 11 415] appropriate without approval; odds ratio, 3.53; 95% CI, 3.29-3.79; P \u3c .001). Furthermore, approval was associated with lower odds of a PICC-related complication (6.5% [665 of 10 238] with approval vs 11.3% [1292 of 11 415] without approval; odds ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.50-0.61). Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study suggests that, when PICCs were placed for intravenous antimicrobial therapy, infectious disease physician approval of PICC insertion was associated with more appropriate device use and fewer complications. Policies aimed at ensuring infectious disease physician approval prior to PICC placement for antimicrobials may improve patient safety

A strategy for tissue self-organization that is robust to cellular heterogeneity and plasticity

Developing tissues contain motile populations of cells that can self-organize into spatially ordered tissues based on differences in their interfacial surface energies. However, it is unclear how self-organization by this mechanism remains robust when interfacial energies become heterogeneous in either time or space. The ducts and acini of the human mammary gland are prototypical heterogeneous and dynamic tissues comprising two concentrically arranged cell types. To investigate the consequences of cellular heterogeneity and plasticity on cell positioning in the mammary gland, we reconstituted its self-organization from aggregates of primary cells in vitro. We find that self-organization is dominated by the interfacial energy of the tissue–ECM boundary, rather than by differential homo- and heterotypic energies of cell–cell interaction. Surprisingly, interactions with the tissue–ECM boundary are binary, in that only one cell type interacts appreciably with the boundary. Using mathematical modeling and cell-type-specific knockdown of key regulators of cell–cell cohesion, we show that this strategy of self-organization is robust to severe perturbations affecting cell–cell contact formation. We also find that this mechanism of self-organization is conserved in the human prostate. Therefore, a binary interfacial interaction with the tissue boundary provides a flexible and generalizable strategy for forming and maintaining the structure of two-component tissues that exhibit abundant heterogeneity and plasticity. Our model also predicts that mutations affecting binary cell–ECM interactions are catastrophic and could contribute to loss of tissue architecture in diseases such as breast cancer