Causes of Death Accompanying by Soft Tissue Neck Hemorrhage

Background: Generally, soft tissue hemorrhages in anterior part of the neck are attributed to the neck compression or trauma and suspicion goes more to homicidal death than suicide. Although artificial posterior neck hemorrhages are described as Prinsloo-Gordon phenomenon in cadavers with posterior lividity, studies conducted on such hemorrhages in the anterior and lateral compartments are rare. This study intends to investigate causes of death accompanied by soft tissue neck hemorrhages in different compartments of neck. Method: In this retrospective case series, between March 2008 and 2009, cadavers whose autopsies indicated soft tissue neck hemorrhages and the lividity was dominant in posterior, were evaluated according to the cause of death and anatomical and histological locations of hemorrhage. Results: Among 86 cases of neck hemorrhage, 72.1% (n=62) were male. Direct neck trauma, hanging, strangulation, chocking and positional asphyxia constituted 50% (n=43) of them, 40.7% (n=35) were non-asphyxial, non-traumatic deaths such as natural diseases, drug and CO poisoning, electrocution and drowning, and 9.3% (n=8) were unknown. 65.1% (n=28) of non-traumatic, non-asphyxial cases bore anterior or lateral neck hemorrhages. Conclusion: The considerable prevalence of soft neck tissue hemorrhages in non asphyxial deaths with no history of neck trauma and the location of such hemorrhages in anterior and lateral sides of neck, lead the investigators to pay more attention to interpret these hemorrhages and determining the mode and cause of death

Faunistic study on hover flies (Diptera:Syrphidae) in the eastern part of Zanjan province, Iran

Abstract In order to study on Syrphidae faunistic in the eastern part of Zanjan province in the years of 2008 and 2009, some adult specimens were collected and identified. In total, 31 species belong to 16 genus from 2 subfamilies were collected. Among the specimens, 28 species as follow are new records for Zanjan province and the species marked with an asterisk is the first record from Iran

Infestation rates of Bactrocera oleae (Dip.: Tephritidae) in 22 olive cultivars at Tarom Olive Research Station of Zanjan province, Iran

Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), is one of the most injurious pests of the olive in Iran. Since its introduction to Iran, in 2004, it has caused considerable economic loss to the domestic olive industry, especially in the years when the climate is favorable to its activity. In this research, we evaluated the infestation rates of olive fruit fly in 22 imported and native olive cultivars at Tarom Olive Research Station, Zanjan, Iran, from 2005 through 2009. The first sampling was started at hard pitting time and continued until harvesting time in which 20-50 fruits were collected from each tree (replicate). Totally 60-150 fruits, from 3 replications, were carefully examined under stereomicroscope in the laboratory. Using the formula of Sqrt (x + 0.5), the data were transformed and subjected to analysis based on Randomized Complete Block Designs usingsoftware SAS, 9.0. The results revealed that among the four recommended cultivars for the region, the cultivar "Arbequina" showed the lowest rate of infestation, while "Konservolia"," Zard", and "Koroneiki" were the most susceptible cultivars due to their higher rates of infestation in 2005 (11.62%, 13.74% and 7.56%), 2007 (3.23%, 1.01% and 1.49%) and 2009 (10.03%, 34.75% and 15.10%), respectively. The cultivars "Lechin de sevilla" and "Manzanilla cacereña" were found to be unfavorable to olive fruit fly

An investigation on optimal height and direction of yellow sticky traps baited with sex pheromone for capturing the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Dip.: Tephritidae)

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rosii), is one of the injurious pests of olive that has caused considerable damage to olive orchards in recent years. An investigation was carried out at Tarom Olive Research Station, Zanjan, Iran, during 2008 to 2010 to determine the optimal height and direction of yellow sticky traps + sex pheromone for capturing B. oleae. A split plot design with four replicates was used in experiments, where the four main directions and three heights of one, two, and three meters were considered as the main and sub-main plots, respectively. Due to the past occurrence of the pest in Tarom, the traps were placed on olive trees in late September and weekly sampling was conducted throughout the autumn. Results revealed that the height of trap, unlike direction, significantly affected the capture of the olive fruit fly in all three years. The effect of trap direction was only significant in 2009, when the region experienced the highest density of the pest. Mean comparison of the effect of height in each year showed that the highest and lowest number of catches was in heights of three and one meter, respectively. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, total catches (both males and females) per trap in heights of one and three meters were 5.25 and 9.63, 21.46 and 53.46, and 1.33 and 3.27, respectively. In 2009, the traps in the west and south directions captured the high numbers of 46.39 and 42.04 olive fruit flies, respectively; while the minimum number of catches, 29.20, occurred in the north direction. In Tarom, based on the results, it is recommended that yellow sticky traps baited with sex pheromone be placed at a height of three meters being in the direction of west and south