Review of Immediate and Early Loading Protocols in Dental Implants

Introduction: The concept of treating edentulous patients by osseointegrated implants was first proposed in 1960s. To minimize the failure rate of implants, it has been recommended to keep the implants free of load during the healing period .Recent studies have been directed to achieve faster integration and shorter healing periods prior to implant restoration. Loading protocols (immediate loading , early loading) can best be interpreted on the biologic basis of implant integration. Each of these protocols needs special prerequisites and there are special risk factors for different loading protocols. Objectives: In this review article, different loading protocols and their surgical and prosthetic considerations are discussed

Determination of a Quantitative Job Severity Score Value for Health Hazards in Industry

Background and aims   There are numerous types of health hazards in every workplace which threaten the health and well-being of employees. Therefore, various types of engineering and  administrative control approaches have been developed in industry. Control of hazardous agents can be difficult in most conditions due to economical and technical limitations. However, certain types of administrative control methods can be implemented in these cases instead of engineering or process controls. Since creating a safe environment with zero chance of occupational exposures to hazardous agents is practically impossible, it can be expected that every employee may have a certain level of exposure to one or more of hazardous agents. The probability and extent of these  exposures will depend on job's demands or work environment's conditions. Under this condition,  a "job severity score" as a quantitative value can be determined in order to choose and employ the  best possible control methodology and also to create a long-term occupational health plan.   Methods   In this study, the main goal is to develop a questionnaire as a model for assessment of job severity and tasks harmfulness. This questionnaire has five sections in which there are numbers  of questions each with a specified quantitative score.  These scores have been identified according to the brainstorming among the some experienced  experts in the fields safety, occupational health, and industrial psychology. When the final  questionnaire was completed, two well-known industrial sectors were selected as pilot plants for final verification of questionnaire in order to obtain valid questions.    Results & Conclusion   The result of this study was providing a questionnaire which might be used in similar studies for determination of job severity level at any industrial plants

Studying the Effects of in-Cabin Decoration and Deodorizer on Interior Concentrations of Toluene and Ethyl Benzene in Logan 90 Cars

Background & Objectives: Exposure to different chemical compounds such as toluene and ethyl benzene occurs in workplaces, residency, and urban areas. Currently, vehicle cabin environment is one of the new exposure sources of passengers to these compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in-cabin decoration and deodorizer use on interior concentrations of toluene and ethyl benzene in Logan cars. Methods: Samples were collected using activated carbon absorption and low-flow sampling pumps in a roofed parking of 44 “Logan 90” cars and analyzed with gas chromatography along with mass detector. Results: The mean concentration of toluene (42.02 μg/m3) was higher than ethyl benzene (17.44 μg/m3) in vehicles. The mean concentrations of toluene and ethyl benzene in cars without decoration were 13.84 and 11.24 μg/m3, respectively and in cars with seat cover were 49.09 and 14.35 μg/m3, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that vehicle age had no significant effect on the concentration of these substances; however, non-used vehicles had significantly higher concentrations of these substances. Decoration and deodorizer use had no significant effect on the concentration of toluene and ethyl benzene in car

Assessment of relationship between Macro Ergonomic conditions and employees work satisfaction Touse-eh and Omran factory

Background and aims   Background and aim: Macro ergonomics is a social - technical attitude which in the manner of top down proceeds to look at organization planning , work- system and also planning of human - machine , human -environmental , human- job interaction and emphasizes on employees participation and make plenty use of it.   Methods   This descriptive - analytical study is of cross - sectional type. Data gathering method  is based on observation and questionnaire. The society under study includes 83 personnel (employees) of a factory which is a subsidiary of Iran Khodro. We used two questionnaires in this  study. One is questionnaire to verify macro ergonomic situation which planned and consisted of  30 questions that investigated different factors in working environment and was verified in terms  of stability and reliability (cronbach alpha = 0.72) and the other one was Minnesota job satisfaction  questionnaire which was distributed among people.   Results   This research shows over 1,500 extended hour's male workers, 69 percent of whom  reported "Chronic or Frequent" back pain, while 52 percent reported "Chronic or Frequent" wrist  pain. Sleep deprivation could possibly be damaging in terms of muscle, ligament, or tendon  injury. With the average extended-hours employee sleeping only 5.1 hours to 5.5 hours each day when working a night shift, they could face an increased risk of ergonomic injuries. The mean age of people under investigation is 30.8. Most people are in age group of 26-30 (44.6%) most  individuals have 4 to 7 years working experience (56.6%). Macro ergonomic mean score in total  society under study was obtained as 59.8. The highest score of job satisfaction has been related to middle managers (69.2). Pearson correlation test showed that there was a direct relationship between general domain of macro ergonomic and job satisfaction.   Conclusion   There is a consistency between main enhanced results in our study in terms of macro ergonomic situation with the result of similar studies of barariyan (2006) and rajabzadeh (2002) that have used RSI (Relative Stress Index). Also there is a correlation between the result of  our study job satisfaction with the results of similar studies such as Bassy's (2002) in Swedish employees , Garcia and Molina's (1999) in Spanish employees and the result of Partovi study  (2006) in Esfahan steel plant employees and Davari's (2003) in employees of Esfahan Shahid PowerStation

Evaluation of Survival Rate and Tissue Health Indexes around the Dio® SM Dental Implants Placed in the Patients of a Dental Office in Isfahan from 2005 until 2010

Introduction: Dental implants are the choice of treatment for missing teeth. Despite the very good results, implant treatment is also associated with some failures and complications. The aim of this study was evaluation of survival rate and tissue health indexes around the Dio&reg; SM dental implants placed in patients of dental school and a private office in Isfahan from 2005 until 2010. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 94 Dio&reg; SM dental implants in 72 patients via convenience sampling were selected. After that &nbsp;demographic information and Gingival index, Gingival Bleeding index around Dio SM implants, plaque index, pocket depth, Bone loss were fulfilled for patients. Data analyzed using t-test, Chi-square test, Wilcoxon and Pearson test with SPSS Ver. 20 statistical software, at &alpha; =0.05. Results: Among &nbsp;94 implants, 55.6 % in maxilla, 44.4% in the mandible, 53.19% single and 46.81% were multi-unit. Survival rate of total implants was 80.6% and 19.4% were failed because of different causes. Among indices Gingival index(p=0/001), plaque index(p=0/020),pocket depth(p<0/001) were significantly lower than theeth. Periodontal indices except bleeding index were significantly higher in maxilla (p<0.05) but bone loss was not significant(p=0.071). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that survival rate of Dio&reg; SM implants is lower than acceptable rate but needs to more studies

Clinical Manifestations, Accompanying Diseases, Complications, and Thymus Pathologies in 102 Patients with Myasthenia Gravis

Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most common autoimmune neuromuscular disease that may occur in any age. Regarding to the controversies about the epidemiology of MG and lack of sufficient data about MG status in Iran, the present study was performed on patients referred to Shafa hospital, in Kerman, between 1998-2003 in order to determine clinical manifestations, accompanying diseases, complications, and thymus pathologies in patients with MG.&#13; Methods: It was a descriptive study including 102 patients with MG. Initial data about sex, age of disease onset, disease severity according to Osserman classification, respiratory crisis, thymus pathology, and accompanying diseases were recorded. Chi- square and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis.&#13; Results: The study population included 69(68%) females and 33(32%) males. For patients aged &gt;40 years, female to male (F/M) ratio was 1:1. Disease manifestations were commenced before 20 and 40 years of old in 15.8% and 76.2% of patients respectively. Follicular hyperplasia of thymus was reported in 61.5%, whereas in 23% the pathology was normal or atrophy and in 15.4% was thymoma. Ocular involvement was found in 20.6% of patients. Based on Osserman classification, severity of IIA, IIB, III and IV were reported in 43.1, 21.6, 10.8, and 3.9% of the subjects, respectively.&#13; Conclusion: F/M ratio, age of disease onset, pathology of thymus, disease severity, and accompanying diseases have shown slight differences with prior studies. Epidemiological studies in other parts of the country are suggested.&#13; Key words: Myasthenia gravis, Kerman, Thymus pathology, Osserman classification, Accompanying disease

Evaluation of Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning (HVAC) System Performance in an Administrative Building in Tehran (Iran)

Introduction: One of the factors influencing on indoor air quality of the buildings is performance of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. These systems supply clean and odorless air, with temperature, humidity, and air velocity within comfort ranges for the residents. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance HVAC system in an administrative building in Tehran. .Material and Method: A questionnaire, developed in their research was used to assess the building occupants’ perception about the performance of HVAC system. To evaluate the performance of HVAC systems, air velocities were measured in the diffusers using a thermal anemometer. Moreover, CO2 concentration, air temperature and relative humidity were measured in the whole floors of the building. Air distribution inside the building was evaluated using smoke test. .Results: Most of the studied people complained about the direction of airflow, thermal conditions and cigarette odor. The highest level of carbon dioxide was measured at 930 ppm inside the restaurant. The maximum and minimum air temperatures and relative humidity were measured 28.3-13.8° C and 28.4-23% respectively. Smoke test showed that the air distribution/direction wasn’t suitable in one third of air diffusers. .Conclusion: Improper air distribution / direction was the main problem with the studied HVAC system which could be corrected by adjusting and balancing of the system