Persistent KSHV infection increases EBV-associated tumor formation In vivo via enhanced EBV lytic gene expression

The human tumor viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establish persistent infections in B cells. KSHV is linked to primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and 90% of PELs also contain EBV. Studies on persistent KSHV infection in vivo and the role of EBV co-infection in PEL development have been hampered by the absence of small animal models. We developed mice reconstituted with human immune system components as a model for KSHV infection and find that EBV/KSHV dual infection enhanced KSHV persistence and tumorigenesis. Dual-infected cells displayed a plasma cell-like gene expression pattern similar to PELs. KSHV persisted in EBV-transformed B cells and was associated with lytic EBV gene expression, resulting in increased tumor formation. Evidence of elevated lytic EBV replication was also found in EBV/KSHV dually infected lymphoproliferative disorders in humans. Our data suggest that KSHV augments EBV-associated tumorigenesis via stimulation of lytic EBV replication

Fluid evolution in a volcanic-hosted epithermal carbonate–base metal–gold vein system: Alto de la Blenda, Farallón Negro, Argentina

ISSN:0026-4598ISSN:1432-186

Cl/Br ratios and stable chlorine isotope analysis\ud of magmatic–hydrothermal fluid inclusions from Butte,\ud Montana and Bingham Canyon, Utah

A bulk geochemical study has been carried out\ud on fluid inclusion leachates extracted from quartz veins\ud from porphyry Cu deposits in Butte, Montana, USA and\ud Bingham Canyon, Utah, USA. The leachates mostly represent\ud low-salinity magmatic–hydrothermal fluid inclusions.\ud Their halogen ratios (Br/Cl) of fluid inclusion leachates were\ud determined by ion chromatography, and δ37Cl values of the\ud leachates were measured by continuous-flow isotope ratio\ud mass spectrometry. Br/Cl ratios from early pre-Main stage\ud and later Main stage veins at Butte range from 0.60 to\ud 1.88×10−3M. Ratios are similar in pre-Main stage veins with\ud sericite bearing selvages and Main stage samples ranging\ud from 0.81 to 1.08×10−3 and from 0.92 to 1.88×10−3M,\ud respectively, clustering below seawater (1.54×10−3M) and\ud overlapping mantle values (~1–2×10−3M). Two samples\ud associated with early pre-Main stage potassic alteration yield\ud distinctly lower Br/Cl ratios of 0.60 and 0.64 × 10−3M. Butte\ud δ37Cl values range from −0.8‰ to −2.3‰ with no\ud significant difference between pre-Main stage and Main\ud stage samples. Br/Cl ratios for quartz veins from Bingham\ud Canyon range from 0.18 to 3.68×10−3M. Br/Cl ratios from\ud Bingham range above and below previously reported for\ud porphyry copper deposits. In contrast to Butte, δ37Cl values\ud for Bingham are lower, ranging from −0.9‰ to −4.1‰. In\ud the absence of any processes which can significantly\ud fractionate chlorine isotopes at high temperatures, we\ud suggest that the porphyry system at Bingham, and to a\ud lesser extent at Butte, have inherited negative chlorine\ud isotopic signatures from the subducting slab generated at\ud low temperatures