Resistance to DNA Damaging agents produced invasive phenotype of rat glioma cells-characterization of a new in vivo model

Chemoresistance and invasion properties are severe limitations to efficient glioma therapy. Therefore, development of glioma in vivo models that more accurately resemble the situation observed in patients emerges. Previously, we established RC6 rat glioma cell line resistant to DNA damaging agents including antiglioma approved therapies such as 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and temozolomide (TMZ). Herein, we evaluated the invasiveness of RC6 cells in vitro and in a new orthotopic animal model. For comparison, we used C6 cells from which RC6 cells originated. Differences in cell growth properties were assessed by real-time cell analyzer. Cells’ invasive potential in vitro was studied in fluorescently labeled gelatin and by formation of multicellular spheroids in hydrogel. For animal studies, fluorescently labeled cells were inoculated into adult male Wistar rat brains. Consecutive coronal and sagittal brain sections were analyzed 10 and 25 days post-inoculation, while rats’ behavior was recorded during three days in the open field test starting from 25th day post-inoculation. We demonstrated that development of chemoresistance induced invasive phenotype of RC6 cells with significant behavioral impediments implying usefulness of orthotopic RC6 glioma allograft in preclinical studies for the examination of new approaches to counteract both chemoresistance and invasion of glioma cells

Production Ratios of Strange Baryons from QGP with Diquarks

Assuming that vector and scalar diquarks exist in the Quark-Gluon Plasma near the critical temporature $T_c$, baryons can be produced through the processes of quarks and diquarks forming $({1/2})^+$ baryon states. Ratios of different baryons can be estimated through this method, if such kind of QGP with diquarks can exists.Comment: Correct some expressions of equation

Association between the Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 +49G > A polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>As a key gene in the immunosurveillance of cell malignancy, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4 is an important negative regulator of T cell activation and proliferation. The CTLA-4 +49G > A polymorphism is one of the most commonly studied polymorphisms in this gene due to its association with cancer risks, but previous results have been conflicting.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We preformed a meta-analysis using 22 eligible case-control studies (including 32 datasets) with a total of 11,273 patients and 13,179 controls to summarize the existing data on the association between the <it>CTLA-4 </it>+49G > A polymorphism and cancer risk.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Compared with the common <it>CTLA-4 </it>+49G > A GG genotype, the carriers of variant genotypes (<it>CTLA-4 </it>+49 GC/CC) had a 1.24-fold elevated risk of cancer (95% CI = 1.18-1.32, <it>P </it>< 0.05) under the dominant genetic model, as estimated using a fixed effect model. The effect of the <it>CTLA-4 </it>+49G > A polymorphism was further evaluated using stratification analysis. In four breast cancer studies, patients with the variant genotypes had a significantly increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.17-1.48, <it>P </it>< 0.00001). A similar result was found in three skin cancer studies (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.10-1.52, <it>P </it>= 0.001). In 26 solid tumor studies, subjects with the variant genotypes had a significantly higher risk of developing solid tumors (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.18-1.33, <it>P </it>< 0.00001) compared with the 6 non-solid tumor studies (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.79-1.48, <it>P </it>= 0.62). Patients with variant genotypes had significantly increased risk of non-epithelial tumors and epithelial tumors, with ORs of 1.23 (95% CI = 1.14-1.32, <it>P </it>< 0.00001) and 1.29 (95% CI = 1.17-1.41, <it>P </it>< 0.00001), respectively. It was also demonstrated that the increased risk of cancer associated with <it>CTLA-4 </it>+49G > A variant genotypes was more pronounced in Caucasians (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.13-1.47, <it>P </it>= 0.0002), Asians (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.16-1.32, <it>P </it>< 0.00001) and Chinese (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.15-1.31, <it>P </it>< 0.00001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our meta-analysis suggests that the <it>CTLA-4 </it>+49G > A polymorphism genotypes (GA + AA) might be associated with an increased risk of cancer, especially in Caucasians and Chinese.</p