REPEATED ACUTE STRESS INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN RAT

Acute stress induced alterations in the activity levels of rate limiting enzymes and concentration of intermediates of different pathways of carbohydrate metabolism have been studied. Adult male Wistar rats were restrained (RS) for 1 h and after an interval of 4 h they were subjected to forced swimming (FS) exercise and appropriate controls were maintained. Five rats were killed before the commencement of the experiment (initial controls), 5 control and equal number of stressed rats were killed 2 h after RS and remaining 5 rats in each group were killed 4 h after FS. There was a significant increase in the adrenal 3β- hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity following RS, which showed further increase after FS compared to controls and thereby indicated stress response of rats. There was a significant increase in the blood glucose levels following RS which showed further increase and reached hyperglycemic condition after FS. The hyperglycemic condition due to stress was accompanied by significant increases in the activities of glutamate- pyruvate transaminase, glutamate- oxaloacetate transaminase, glucose -6- phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and significant decrease in the glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities, whereas pyruvate kinase activity did not show any alteration compared to controls. Further, the glycogen and total protein contents of the liver were decreased whereas those of pyruvate and lactate showed significant increase compared to controls after RS as well as FS.The results put together indicate that acute stress induced hyperglycemia results due to increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis without alteration in glycolysis. The study first time reveals that after first acute stress exposure, the subsequent stressful experience augments metabolic stress response leading to hyperglycemia. The results have relevance to human health as human beings are exposed to several stressors in a day and such an experience might lead to insulin resistance because prolonged hyperglycemic condition is known to cause insulin resistance

RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF CLINDAMYCIN PHOSPHATE AND CLOTRIMAZOLE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: The aim of this work was to develop and validate a simple Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the simultaneous estimation of Clindamycin and Clotrimazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms.Methods: The mobile phase consists of phosphate buffer and Acetonitrile in the ratio of (48:52) with gradient programming, Hypersil BDS (250×4.6 mm,5µ) column used as stationary phase with a flow rate of 1 ml/min, injection volume 10 µl and the run time was 10 min. Detection wavelength was at 220 nm by using Photo Diode Array detector.Results: The retention times of Clindamycin and Clotrimazole were found to be 2.2 min and 5.7 min respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Validation parameters like accuracy, precision, linearity, range, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness all were within the limits. The linearity responses of Clindamycin and Clotrimazole were found to be in the concentration ranges of 25-150 µg/ml and 50-300 µg/ml. The percentage recovery for both drugs was found in the range of 99-100%. The LOD & LOQ values for were found to be 1.29µg/ml and 3.93µg/ml and Clotrimazole were found to be 1.31µg/ml and 3.96 µg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: The results obtained are accurate and within the limits. Hence this method can be applicable for the estimation of Clindamycin and Clotrimazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms.Â

Knowledge and attitude of medical students towards bioethics- A cross sectional study from a medical college in northern Tamil Nadu

Studies have shown that a significant proportion of healthcare professionals were unaware of the universally recognized bioethical principles. The study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude towards bioethics among undergraduate medical students of a Medical College and also to find out the association of knowledge and attitude towards bioethics with other factors. This was a Cross Sectional study conducted at a medical college of Chengalpattu district between April to September of 2019. Study participants included medical undergraduate students from second academic year to fourth academic year of the medical college who had clinical exposure. Data was collected from a total of 224 subjects using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire. 89.3% of the respondents had poor knowledge about medical ethics.  The prevalence of good+excellent knowledge about bioethics was highest among 17-19 years age group (95.8%) and least among >22 (60%) years age group, highest among those with <12 months of clinical exposure (100%) and least among those with 25-36 months of exposure (57.8%) and both these associations were found to be statistically significant by Chi square test. (P= 0.048 and <0.001 respectively). Majority of the subjects (>58%) had a favourable attitude towards the correct ethical practices with respect to most of the issues (11/15). However, majority of them (>53.1%) also had a favorable attitude towards certain issues (4/15) which are debatable. The most preferred sources for learning about medical ethics were seminars (81.7%), clinical discussions (78.1%) and lectures (57.1%). Majority of the subjects had poor knowledge about bioethics. The knowledge was better among students of earlier years of course compared to those in the later part. Majority of the subjects had a favorable attitude towards the correct ethical practices in most of the cases. The most preferred sources for learning about medical ethics were seminars, clinical discussions and lecture

Reduced antioxidant status for prolonged period due to repeated stress exposure in rat

The objective of the study was to find out whether or not exposure to a stressor after an initial stressful experience augments stress response. Antioxidant status was determined by measuring changes in the activities of the hepatic free radical scavenging enzymes viz, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and catalase (CAT) and levels of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) following exposure to 1 h restraint (RS) and after a gap of 4 h to forced swimming exercise (FS) in rats. The activities of hepatic CAT, SOD, G6PDH and GST were significantly reduced 2 h after RS compared to controls and 4 h after FS the activities of CAT and G6PDH remained at lower levels i.e. they were similar to those found after RS , whereas SOD and GST showed further significant decrease compared to those found after RS. On the other hand the MDA levels, indicative of lipid peroxidation were significantly increased after RS and showed further significant increase after FS. The results reveal that after initial stressful experience, the stress response is augmented due to exposure to another stressor whereas the system does not get habituated to stress exposure

The APC-EPCR-PAR1 axis in sickle cell disease

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited hemoglobinopathies. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is caused by a homozygous mutation in the β-globin generating sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Deoxygenation leads to pathologic polymerization of HbS and sickling of erythrocytes. The two predominant pathologies of SCD are hemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusive episodes (VOE), along with sequelae of complications including acute chest syndrome, hepatopathy, nephropathy, pulmonary hypertension, venous thromboembolism, and stroke. SCD is associated with endothelial activation due to the release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as heme, recurrent ischemia–reperfusion injury, and chronic thrombin generation and inflammation. Endothelial cell activation is mediated, in part, by thrombin-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a G protein coupled receptor that plays a role in platelet activation, endothelial permeability, inflammation, and cytotoxicity. PAR1 can also be activated by activated protein C (APC), which promotes endothelial barrier protection and cytoprotective signaling. Notably, the APC system is dysregulated in SCD. This mini-review will discuss activation of PAR1 by APC and thrombin, the APC-EPCR-PAR1 axis, and their potential roles in SCD

Brans of the roller-milled barley fractions rich in polyphenols and health-promoting lipophilic molecules

peer-reviewedThree different roller-milled fractions namely bran, middlings, and flour of five commonly grown Irish barley varieties were investigated for the presence of β-glucan, polyphenols, and health-promoting lipophilic molecules. β-glucan was predominantly located in barley middlings. Polyphenols, as indicated by total phenolic content and the antioxidant activities, were abundant in the outermost bran fractions of barley. Similarly the health-promoting lipophilic molecules including phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, and tocols were most abundant in the barley bran fraction. However, the distribution of individual polyphenols and lipophilic compounds varied within the grain; for example ferulic acid and procyainidin C were not detected in flour fraction. Principal component analysis (PCA) clearly indicated a higher distribution of most bioactive molecules in bran as compared to middlings and flour fractions. The PCA also established possible correlations between the five barley varieties and their fractions based on their clustering in the plot

Storage and Backing Up Of Data in a Cloud Environment Using File System

ABSTRACT -Today's computational advances have created numerous applications for I/O operations have the capacity to store more data. The authentic need is accessible of information from anyplace. This gets to be issue for some clients who use applications, for example, databases, media, and hard disks, and so forth. The I/O data solicitations of these applications get higher as they get greater. To beat these issues we present a cloud domain for support and data stockpiling utilizing parallel document framework. That have the capacity to store and reinforcement of information through removed server cap can be open through web association. The usage intends to expand the availability of data and reduce in loss of information

Intra-ocular melanoma metastatic to an axillary lymph node: A case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Unusual metastatic presentation of intra-ocular melanoma.</p> <p>Study Design</p> <p>Case report.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Extra-regional lymphatic spread of intra-ocular melanoma has not been reported previously in the literature. The usual pattern of metastasis for intra-ocular melanoma is hematogenous. There are few reports of regional spread to the maxillofacial bones. We report an interesting case of a 51 year old female with prior history of right eye melanoma, now presenting with metastasis to the left axilla, which is an extra-regional nodal basin.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In female patients presenting with an isolated axillary mass, with a negative breast work up and known prior history of melanoma, the differential diagnosis should include possible metastatic melanoma. Core biopsy will confirm the diagnosis and tailor subsequent management.</p

COVID-19 associated mucormycosis at territory care hospital in South India - A retrospective study

Background: Globally, several cases of mucormycosis have been diagnosed in patients with COVID-19, and the entity is described as COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). CAM is an emerging problem necessitating increased vigilance in COVID-19 patients, even those who have recovered. The objective was to study this cluster of cases admitted to KIMS Hospital to study the characteristics of the patients, co-morbidities, and intervention for the care. Methods: Retrospectively reviewed EMR (Electronic Medical record) at KIMS Hospitals Secunderabad from March 2021 to October 2021. Case identification was based on the global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis. For all cases, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) result for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was routinely obtained on admission, the history, the clinical presentation and course, and the radiological findings were recorded. We examined clinical features, surgical treatment approaches, medical management and type of drug used and outcomes of each case. Results: In total 80% of case were male and all patients had an average duration of hospitalization for a week. The outcome of the Intervention at KIMS Hospital was 90.8% survival with sequelae followed by regular visit to hospital for antifungal treatment. Conclusion: In our study we found that there was a strong association between the treatment outcome and co-morbidities (χ2 value=14.8, p-value<0.05). Improved outcome was possible because of early aggressive approach and involvement of multidisciplinary team