O uso do sal de bixina como substituinte do carmim e do nitrito de sódio em embutidos cárneos frescais

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Rocha GarciaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Defesa: Curitiba, 29/03/2016Inclui referências : f. 75-84Área de concentração: Insumos, medicamentos e correlatosResumo: As linguiças toscana são formuladas exclusivamente com matéria prima de origem suína e alcançam elevada aceitação junto à população. Dentre os aditivos comumente utilizados em sua formulação estão os sais de cura, principalmente o nitrito de sódio e o corante carmim de cochonilha. Atualmente, organizações mundiais ligadas à saúde, como a WHO/FAO, recomendam a redução do uso do nitrito em alimentos, devido à formação das nitrosaminas e seu risco à população. Em relação ao carmim, custos de importação do corante e reações alérgicas influenciam seu uso em alimentos. Alternativas para substituição do nitrito, por substâncias naturais apresentando atividade semelhante, têm sido propostas em decorrência do apelo social pela diminuição do sal de cura nos alimentos. O urucum (Bixa orellana), vegetal comumente encontrado no Brasil, apresenta em sua composição, a bixina, substância com atividade antioxidante e corante, porém, as características lipofílicas desse composto limitam seu uso em alimentos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o uso do sal de bixina como substituinte do carmim e do nitrito de sódio em linguiças toscana. As amostras de linguiça toscana foram formuladas utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: CT (controle), CAR (40 ppm de carmim), NIT (150 ppm de nitrito de sódio), C/N (40 ppm de carmim/150 ppm de nitrito), C/N/B (20 ppm de carmim/75 ppm de nitrito/250 ppm de bixinato de potássio) e BIX (500 ppm de bixinato de potássio). As amostras foram analisadas quanto à oxidação lipídica, nitrito residual, cor, análise microbiológica e sensorial. A presença do sal de bixina pode ser identificada pelos provadores, porém, não causou prejuízo a aceitação (p<0,01). O sal de bixina demonstrou ser uma alternativa ao uso do carmim e nitrito de sódio em embutidos cárneos frescais. Ainda que não tenha influenciado a contagem microbiana, apresentou ação antioxidante e capacidade de ofertar cor vermelha ao produto promovendo melhoria da aceitação junto aos provadores. Embora o sal de bixina empreste também uma coloração amarela que limita sua aceitação quando comparada a outros aditivos, o uso combinado à substituição parcial de nitrito e carmim pode oportunizar embutidos de qualidade com redução dos níveis desses aditivos. Maiores estudos são necessários para adequar as concentrações utilizadas às particularidades dos processos e características desejáveis pelos consumidores. Palavras chave: Embutidos, linguiça, bixina, nitrito, carmimAbstract: The tuscan sausages are made exclusively with raw material of swine origin and reach high acceptance by the population. Among the additives commonly used in formulation are curing salts, mainly sodium nitrite and the cochineal dye. Currently, global health organizations such as the WHO/FAO recommended reducing the use of nitrite in foods, due to the formation of nitrosamines and their risk to the population. In relation to the import costs of Carmine dye and allergic reactions affect your use in food. Alternatives for replacing the nitrite, for natural substances presenting similar activity, have been proposed as a result of social appeal by reducing the curing salt in foods. The annatto (Bixa orellana), vegetable commonly found in Brazil, presents in composition, bixin, substance with antioxidant activity and dye, however, lipophilic characteristics of this compound limited use in foods. This study aimed to evaluate the use of salt of bixin as substituent carmine and sodium nitrite in tuscan sausages. The tuscan sausage samples have been formulated using the following treatments: CT (control), CAR (40 ppm of carmine), NIT (150 ppm of sodium nitrite), C/N (20 ppm of carmine/75 ppm of nitrite), C/N/B (40 ppm of carmine/150 ppm of nitrite/ 250 ppm of potassium bixinate) and BIX (500 ppm of potassium bixinate). The samples were analyzed for lipid oxidation, residual nitrite, color, microbiological and sensory analysis. The presence of bixin can be identified by tasters, however, didn't cause prejudice to acceptance (p<0,01). The bixin salt proved to be an alternative to the use of carmine and sodium nitrite in sausages. Although it has not influenced the microbial count, showed antioxidant action and ability to offer red color to the product promoting improvement of acceptance among the tasters. Although the bixin salt also lends a yellow coloration which limits its acceptance when compared to other additives, using combined with partial replacement of nitrite and carmine can enhance quality inlaid with reduced levels of these additives. Larger studies are needed to adapt the concentrations used particularities of processes and desirable characteristics by consumers. Key words: Sausage, bixin, nitrite, carmin

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost