Effects of Extension Tools and Informational Sources on Participations of Farmers of Golestan Province in Water Users Cooperatives

The purpose of this descriptive–correlation study is to investigate the effects of informational and extension sources on participation of the farmers of Golestan province in water users cooperatives. All of the farmer members of Golestan province water user's cooperatives constitute the statistical population of this research. Based on Cochran formula, a number of 190 individuals are selected randomly, using stratified and cluster random sampling methods. The tool of research was questionnaire and its reliability and validity was confirmed. The study was carried out in 2010 and in order to investigate the relationship between dependent & independent variables Spearman’s correlation test was used. Also for predicting the changes in a variable by other variables, multivariable regression was used. The findings of prioritizing comments showed that the meetings between farmers and extension agents in agricultural service centers and participating in educational-extension courses are the first two priorities of extension tools variable and also neighbor and progressive farmers’ comments are the first two priorities of informational sources.  The study of correlation coefficients revealed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the factors of relations with neighbor farmers, progressive farmers, TV programs, recommendations of local leaders, Rural Islamic Council, participation in educational- extension courses, educational- extension movies, meeting with extension agents in agricultural services centers & farms and visiting successful cooperatives with participation of farmers in water users cooperatives. The findings of step by step regression showed that educational- extension movies, meeting with extension agents in agricultural service centers and recommendations of local leaders constitute 36% of changes in the participation of farmers in water users’ cooperatives

Nanofiltration process on dye removal from simulated textile wastewater

Dyestuffs removal from industrial wastewater requires special advanced technologies, since dyes are usually difficult to remove by biological methods. In this study nanofiltration process was used for removal of different dyestuffs from solutions. The rate of dye removal by spiral wound nanofiltration membrane in film thin composite MWCO=90 Dalton, was evaluated for four classes of dyes acidic, disperse, reactive and direct in red and blue dyes medium. Dye absorbance was measured by spectrophotometric method (2120 Standard Method 1998). Effects of feed concentration, pressure and total dissolved solids concentration were also studied. Results showed that increasing dye concentration lead to higher color removal up to 98 % and at different pressures for acidic and reactive blue were up to 99.7 %. Different types of dyes had no effect on dye removal and permeate flux. During 2 h.of the operation time, permeate flux decline was increased. Permeate fluxes for different types of red dyes were from 16.6 to 12.6 (L/m2/h.) and for blue dyes were from 16.6 to 10.45 (L/m2/h.). Presence of sodium chloride in dye solutions increased dye rejections nearby 100 %. Chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies for reactive blue, disperse blue, direct and disperse red dyes were also approximately 100 %