Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by using stem extract of Svensonia hyderobadensis (Walp.) Mold – A rare medicinal plant

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out by using stem extract for the reduction of aqueous silver ions in short period. The silver nanoparticles formation was confirmed by the colour change of plant extracts (SNPs) and further confirmed with the help of UV-Vis spectroscopy. These phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities using disc diffusion method. The test cultures are Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Bacillus and E.coli species of bacteria  and Aspergillus, Fusarium, Curvularia and Rhizopus species of fungal were used. The microbial property of silver nanoparticles was analyzed by measuring the inhibition zone. The SNPs synthesized from stem extract of Svensonia hyderobadensis showed moderately toxic towards E. coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus and Proteus species and highly toxic to Pseudomonas. Whereas in the fungal species moderately toxic to Aspergillus flavus,  Aspergillus niger, urvularia and Fusarium and highly toxic to Rhizopus species. The results indicate that the biological synthesized silver nanoparticles may have an important advantage over conventional antibiotics

Ethnobotanical study of Penchalakona forest area of Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

An ethno botanical survey was undertaken to collect information from yanadi tribe of penchalakona forest area, Rapur mandal, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India.  The indigenous knowledge of traditional healers of this ethnic group has been disappearing due to lack of ancestors as well as followers. Only few people are practicing with little knowledge which was transmitted orally from their elders. The native plants used for medicinal purposes by few people were collected through questionnaire and personally interviewed during field trips. An aboriginal tribe called “Yanadi”, of this area has authentic information on medicinal values of different plant species.  Yanadi tribal community being drifted from their natural way of life due to agro rural development activities, a few aged persons are still able to furnish very little traditional ethno botanical data and continue to depend on medicinal plants atleast for the treatment of primary healthcare.  Because the area is located near the forest and 70 Kms from Nellore town.The study revealed that, the Yanadi tribe used 20 plants species belonging to 20 families to treat various diseases like worm infestations, scorpion stinge, headache, body pains, fevers, swelling of foots, skin diseases, heart diseases, stomach ulcers, diuretic, dysentery, snake bites, nerve disorders, rheumatic pains, antiseptic, helmentic disease, diabetes, cold and dental problems.These plants represents the major source for the pharmaceutical industries in view of their raw material. The information requires validation for further clinical usage

Forward Sweeping Method for Solving Radial Distribution Networks

ABSTRACT: Practical rural distribution feeders have failed to converge while using NR and FDLF methods. Therefore, a new load flow technique for radial distribution networks by using node and branch numbering scheme will be developed. In the forward sweep, the voltage at each downstream bus is then updated by the real and imaginary components of the calculated bus voltages. The procedure stops after the mismatch of the calculated and specified Voltages at the substation is less than a convergence tolerance. A Forward sweeping method for solving radial distribution networks will be implemented. Thus, computationally, the proposed method will be a very efficient and requires less computer memory storage as all data is stored in vector form. The load flow will be run in MATLAB for solving the equations

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF BIOLOGICALLY SYNTHESIS SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM LEAF EXTRACT OF ALANGIUM SALVIFOLIUM (L.F) WANG

Biologically Synthesis process of silver nanoparticles using plant extract is simple, cost-effective, and ecofriendly. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were rapidly synthesized using Alangium salvifolium leaf extract. The nanoparticles obtained have been characterized with various techniques like UV-Visible spectrum, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and also tested antibacterial. These techniques showed the formations of AgNPs with an average size of 24.2 to 52.5 nm and also find the spherical shaped nanoparticles. The synthesized AgNPs had the potential to mitigate the bacterial proliferation against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas auroginosa, Bacillus thuringiensis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhi. The results were compared with the Ciprofloxacin as positive controls. It is concluded that the Alangium salvifolium is one of the best sources for synthesis of AgNPs and also showed good anti bacterial activity

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM THE LEAF EXTRACT OF ADHATODA VASICA NEES. AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Introduction: Green synthesis of nanoparticles has been an exploring research topic in recent days due to their advanced uses in biomedical, chemical,and related fields.Objective: The objective of the present study was to rapidly synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Adhatoda vasica leaf extract. The nanoparticlesobtained have been characterized with various techniques like ultraviolet-visible spectrum, Fourier transform (FT) infrared spectrometry, scanningelectron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and FT-Raman spectroscopy.Results: These techniques showed the formation of AgNPs with an average size of 21.1-29.1 nm. Phytochemicals present in the plant were responsiblefor the quick reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag0 nanoparticles. The synthesized AgNPs had the potential to mitigate the bacterial and fungal cell proliferationparticularly Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas auroginosa, Bacillus thuringiensis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and fungal specieswere Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavous, Pencillium chrysogenum, and Trichoderm harizanum. The results were compared with ciprofloxacin andfluconazole as positive controls.Conclusion: A. vasica being a crucial medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of cancer, the present study shows that the plant can be used as bestsource for synthesis of AgNPs for further research in the cancer field.Keywords: Adhatoda vasica, Phytochemials, Phenols, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy

Ethnobotanical Studies on Japali Hanuman Theertham- A Sacred Grove of Tirumala hills, Andhra Pradesh, India.

The present ethno-botanical exploration conducted in the forest area of Japali Hanuman Theertham a sacred grove of Tirumala hills during the period of 2010-2013 resulted in the information about the uses of traditional medicinal plants of 85 species belonging to 47 families to treat 46 types of ailmentsand utilization of different forest plant resources. Out of 85 plant species the dominant life forms of herbs (40), shrubs (17), trees (17), climbers (08), lianas (02) and creepers (01).The grove having endemic medicinal plants and owing to anthropogenic pressures, they are in extreme state of vulnerability. The information gathered from Japali Hanuman Theertham indicates that the tribal people of this region possess good knowledge of herbal drugs. The ethnomedicinal information has been eradicating day by day due to lack of proper interest in the younger generations of ethnic groups. Hence the present study had been focused on the ethnic groups of Tirumala who are collecting medicinal plants from Japali Hanuman Theertham, a sacred grove located in Tirumala- Seshachalam hill range of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India.The further research will be carried out on isolation of active ingredients from medicinal plant species for effective treatment of particular diseases and measures should be taken to conserve the endangering ethnomedicinal knowledge of Chenchu and Nakkala tribes for future generations and endangered medicinal plants for ecological balance and sustainable environmentdevelopment

Performance analysis of Ternary Adder and Ternary Multiplier without using Encoders and Decoders

This work presents comparison of ternary combinational digital circuits that reduce energy consumption in low-power VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) design. CNTFET and GNRFET-based ternary half adder (THA) and multiplier (TMUL) circuits has been designed using ternary unary operator circuits at 32nm technology node and implement two power supplies Vdd and Vdd/2 without using any ternary decoders, basic logic gates, or encoders to minimize the number of used transistors and improve the energy efficiency. The effect of CNTFET and GNRFET parametric variation with threshold voltage on performance metrics namely delay and power has been analyzed. Dependence of threshold voltage on the geometry of carbon nanotube and graphene nanoribbon makes it feasible to be used for ternary logic design. It is analyzed that CNTFET based circuits are energy efficient than the GNRFET- based circuits. It is also concluded that the CNTFET-based circuitshas less power-delay product (PDP) when compared to GNRFET- based circuits. CNTFET-based THA is 23.5% more efficient than GNRFET-based THA and CNTFET-based Tmul is97.8% more efficient than GNRFET-based Tmul.All the digital circuits have been simulated using HSPICE tool