Intelligent control system of locomotive class ET22

W firmie PWPT WASKO Sp. z o.o. z Gliwic, na podstawie własnej konstrukcji sterownika mikroprocesorowego, wykonano i wdrożono inteligentny, redundantny system sterowania i diagnostyki w ramach gruntowej modernizacji lokomotywy ET22. System ten zapewnia pełne zautomatyzowanie procesów obsługi lokomotywy, ich wizualizację i pełną diagnostykę, zwiększając niezawodność lokomotywy, bezpieczeństwo jej pracy i umożliwiając zmniejszenie zużycia przez nią energii

Wpływ nawożenia azotem i siarką na plonowanie i zawartość cynku w nasionach rzepaku ozimego odmiany ‘Baldur’

The research was conducted in order to determine the yield of winter rape seeds and zinc content in seeds as a result of fertilization with different doses of nitrogen and sulphur. A three-year field experiment was conducted according to the following scheme (9 treatments): 1. control – without fertilization; 2–4. nitrogen fertilization with doses of 134, 180, and 225 kgN ha–1 in the form of ammonium nitrate (34 % N); 5–7. nitrogen fertilization with doses of 134, 180, and 225 kgN ha–1 in the form of Saletrosan 26 Makro (26 % N and 13 % S); 8. sulphur fertilization with a dose of 60 kgS ha–1 in the form of Saletrosan 26 Makro along with nitrogen complementation with ammonium nitrate to a dose of 180 kgN ha–1; 9. sulphur fertilization with a dose of 60 kgS ha–1 in the form of Saletrosan 26 Makro along with nitrogen complementation with ammonium nitrate to a dose of 225 kgN ha–1. Sulphur application led to an increase in the yield of rape seeds and seed zinc content (and, as a result, also in the element uptake with yield), in comparison with the yield and zinc content in seeds collected from treatments without sulphur application.Badania wykonano w celu określenia wielkości plonu nasion rzepaku ozimego oraz zawartości w nich cynku w efekcie nawożenia zróżnicowanymi dawkami azotu i siarki. Doświadczenie polowe prowadzone w latach 2009–2012 obejmowało 9 obiektów: 1. kontrola – bez nawożenia; 2–4. nawożenie azotem w dawkach 134, 180 i 225 kgN ha–1 w postaci saletry amonowej (34 % N); 5–7. nawożenie azotem w dawkach 134, 180 i 225 kgN ha–1 w postaci Saletrosanu 26 Makro (26 % N i 13 % S); 8. nawożenie siarką w dawce 60 kgS ha–1 w postaci Saletrosanu 26 Makro uzupełnione azotem (saletra amonowa) do dawki 180 kgN ha–1; 9. nawożenie siarką w dawce 60 kgS ha–1 w postaci Saletrosanu 26 Makro uzupełnione azotem (saletra amonowa) do dawki 225 kgN ha–1. Wykazano, że zastosowanie siarki prowadziło do zwiększenia masy nasion rzepaku i zawartości w nich cynku (a w rezultacie także pobrania tego składnika z plonem), w porównaniu z plonem i zawartością cynku w nasionach zebranych z obiektów bez siarki

Immunohistochemical characterization of nerve elements in porcine intrinsic laryngeal ganglia

The present study investigated the chemical coding of neurons and nerve fibres in local laryngeal ganglia in pigs (n=5) using double-labelling immunohistochemistry. Virtually all the neurons were cholinergic in nature (ChAT- or VAChT-positive). Only very solitary, small nerve cells (presumably representing interneurons) stained intensely for adrenergic marker, DβH. Many neurons also contained immunoreactivity for NOS (91%), VIP (62.7%), NPY (24.7%), galanin (10%), SP (1.3%) and CGRP (5.3%). No neurons expressing somatostatin or Leu-enkephalin were observed. Nearly all the neuronal somata were densely supplied with varicose cholinergic nerve terminals, which presumably represented preganglionic axons, and some of them were also closely apposed with CGRP- and/or SP-positive varicose nerve endings, which were putative collaterals of extrinsic primary sensory fibres. In conclusion, this study has revealed that intrinsic neurons in the porcine larynx, like in many other mammalian species studied, should be classified as parasympathetic cholinergic neurons expressing biologically active substances, predominantly NOS and VIP. Furthermore, they are likely to receive inputs from not only preganglionic neurons but also primary sensory nerve cells. Finally, it appears that the information on the occurrence of the local laryngeal ganglia should be regularly included in textbooks dealing with the cranial portion of the parasympathetic nervous system in mammals

The influence of botulinum toxin type A (BTX) on the immunohistochemical characteristics of noradrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibres supplying the porcine urinary bladder wall

Botulinum toxin (BTX) belongs to a family of neurotoxins which strongly influence the function of autonomic neurons supplying the urinary bladder. Accordingly, BTX has been used as an effective drug in experimental therapies of a range of neurogenic bladder disorders. However, there is no detailed information dealing with the influence of BTX on the morphological and chemical properties of nerve fibres supplying the urinary bladder wall. Therefore, the present study investigated, using double-labeling immunohistochemistry, the distribution, relative frequency and chemical coding of cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve fibers supplying the wall of the urinary bladder in normal female pigs (n=6) and in the pigs (n=6) after intravesical BTX injections. In the pigs injected with BTX, the number of adrenergic (DβH-positive) nerve fibers distributed in the bladder wall (urothelium, submucosa and muscle coat) was distinctly higher while the number of cholinergic (VAChT-positive) nerve terminals was lower than that found in the control animals. Moreover, the injections of BTX resulted in some changes dealing with the chemical coding of the adrenergic nerve fibers. In contrast to the normal pigs, in BTX injected animals the number of DβH/NPY- or DβH/CGRP-positive axons was higher in the muscle coat, and some fibres distributed in the urothelium and submucosa expressed immunoreactivity to CGRP. The results obtained suggest that the therapeutic effects of BTX on the urinary bladder might be dependent on changes in the distribution and chemical coding of nerve fibers supplying this organ