The correlation of free ions with the conduction phase of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in gel polymer electrolyte-based PMMA/PLA blend doped with LiBOB

In an effort to produce a lithium-ion battery for application in electronic devices, a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) system was blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polylactic acid (PLA) doped with lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) and incorporated with various compositions of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIM(Cl)) ranging from 0 wt.% to 24 wt.%. This study focused on the determination of free ions with the effect of the addition EMIM(Cl) in the PMMA/PLA-LiBOB through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The inclusion of EMIM(Cl) in the GPE systems was proven by the emergence of a new peak in the FTIR analysis. The changes that occurred in the FTIR spectra confirmed the complexation between the doped polymer blend with ionic liquid. The ionic liquid helps enhance the dissociation of the Li+ cation from the loosely bound Li+---BOB− and facilitates the transport of ions via the ion hopping mechanism. Consequently, the crystallinity of GPE samples becomes suppressed and reaches the optimum ionic conductivity up to 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature for samples with 18 wt.% composition of EMIM(Cl). FTIR deconvolution shows that the ionic conductivity trend aligns with ion mobility and diffusion rates. The findings revealed that the present GPE-based PMMA/PLA–LiBOB doped with EMIM(Cl) has excellent potential to be applied as an energy storage device, especially a Li+ battery

Influencing of [EDIMP]TFSI in PMMA-PLA doped LiTFSI based hybrid gel polymer electrolyte on the variation in crystallinity phase and ionic conduction properties

In this study, we explored hybrid polymer complex-based gel polymer electrolytes (HGPEs) comprising poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polylactic acid (PLA) as host polymers doped with LiTFSI, incorporating varying amounts of the ionic liquid ethyl-dimethyl-propylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EDIMP]TFSI). The structural properties of HGPEs has been assessed using FTIR, XRD, and DSC, observing changes in peak intensity, increased amorphous phases, and lowered glass transition temperatures (Tg) as [EDIMP]TFSI content increased. The room temperature ionic conductivity improved from 1.02 ×103 S cm1 to 3.90 ×103 S cm1 with [EDIMP]TFSI incorporation. The permittivity spectra were showed to follow the non- Debye characteristic. The Arof-Noor (A-N) method determined ionic mobility, charge carrier concentration, and diffusion coefficient to understand factors influencing ionic conductivity variation. The reduced interfacial resistance between HGPE and lithium metal enhanced contact with the electrode. Sample E-TFSI 20 reveals the tLi +and electrochemical potential window were respectively 0.79 ±0.005 and 5 ±0.5 V

The influences of PLA into PMMA on crystallinity and thermal properties enhancement-based hybrid polymer in gel properties

Polymer blends have been intensively studied because of their theoretical and practical importance in different variety application field. In the present work, the development on hybrid gel polymer based poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) blended with biodegradable polymer namely poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a host polymer in polymer electrolytes application have been successfully prepared. The effect of PLA in PMMA as hybrid polymer was investigated for their structural properties via fourier transform infrared (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR analysis shown that the interaction between PMMA and PLA has occurred via dipole-dipole forces. XRD analysis revealed the increment of amorphous phase when PLA was added into PMMA. Decreased in Tg value upon addition of PLA into PMMA indicate that the flexibility of the polymer backbone, thus enhanced the amorphous behaviour of hybrid gel polymer. These findings shown that the present hybrid polymer shown favourable properties to be used as host polymer for polymer electrolytes application

Correlation Studies Between Structural and Ionic Transport Properties of Lithium-Ion Hybrid Gel Polymer Electrolytes Based PMMA-PLA

In this work, an investigation on hybrid gel polymer electrolytes (HGPEs) comprising of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-polylactic acid (PLA) incorporated with lithium bis(trifuoromethanesulfony)imide (LiTFSI) was carried out. The HGPEs samples were characterized for their structural, thermal and ionic conduction properties via FTIR, XRD, DSC, and EIS. FTIR analysis showed the interaction between the PMMA-PLA hybrid polymer and LiTFSI through the appearance of peaks and peak shifts at the coordinating site on the polymer blend. The DSC analysis showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of HGPEs was decreased as the LiTFSI content increased, suggesting that the ion–dipole interaction decreased and led to the enhancement of the HGPEs system’s amorhous phase. The ionic conductivity was calculated based on the Cole–Cole plot and the incorporation of 20 wt% LiTFSI into the hybrid polymer matrixes revealed that the maximum ionic conductivity was 1.02 × 10–3 S cm−1 at room temperature as the amorphous phase increased. The dissociation of ions and transport properties of the PMMA-PLA-LiTFSI systems was determined via the dielectric response approach and it was found that number density (ɳ), mobility (μ), and diffusion coefficient (D) of mobile ions followed the ionic conductivity trend

Electrochemical Properties of CMC–PVA Polymer Blend Electrolyte for Solid State Electric Double Layer Capacitors

In this work, the electrochemical properties of polymer blend electrolyte (PBE) based CMC-PVA is presented for electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC) application. CMC-PVA PBE is incorporated in two different systems which contain an (1) ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) ionic dopant (System I), and (2) ethylene carbonate (EC) plasticizer (System II). The ionic conductivity of PBE based on CMC (55 wt.%)–PVA (15 wt.%)–NH4NO3 (30 wt.%) and CMC (53 wt.%)–PVA (13 wt.%)–NH4NO3 (28 wt.%)–EC (6 wt.%) were optimized at room temperature with value of 1.70 × 10−3 S/cm and 3.92 × 10−3 S/cm, respectively. The ionic conduction for both systems shows Arrhenius behavior when tested at different temperatures. Electrochemical properties of the fabricated EDLC cell were analyzed for their electrochemical properties and System II showed higher specific capacitance than System I with values of 64.9 F/g and 89.1 F/g, respectively, based on a CV scan rate of 2 mV/s. Both fabricated EDLC show outstanding cycling stability over 10,000 cycles, which indicates that the present PBE based CMC–PVA has outstanding electrochemical performance and is a promising candidate for EDLC application

Non-edible oil based polyurethane acrylate with tetrabutylammonium iodide gel polymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Polyurethane acrylate (PUA) gel polymer electrolytes were prepared with tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as the complex salt. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed that the Nsingle bondH, Cdouble bondO, Csingle bondN and Csingle bondOsingle bondC polar functional groups formed the coordination with TBA+ cations of salt observed from the bands shift. The maximum ionic conductivity of (1.88 ± 0.02) × 10-4 S cm−1 was obtained for the electrolyte with composition of 67.94 wt% PUA–30.00 wt% TBAI–2.06 wt% I2 (S3 electrolyte) which influenced by the highest charge mobility of (6.24 ± 0.12) × 10-7 cm2 V−1 s−1 and number density of (1.93 ± 0.04) × 1021 cm−3 estimated from fitting the Nyquist plots. The S3 electrolyte was electrochemically stable up to 1.64 V and capable of performing up to 2000 cycles steadily. Triiodide ion diffusivity obtained was 1.70 × 10-8 cm2 s−1. The electrolyte performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was tested and cell with S3 electrolyte showed the highest solar conversion efficiency of (1.97 ± 0.21)% with short-circuit current density () of (7.15 ± 0.74) mA cm−2 and open-circuit voltage () of (0.55 ± 0.01) V when exposed under 1000 W m−2 light illumination. The highest efficiency obtained was influenced by the high electrons driving force in DSSCs. Low reduction resistance () of (2.46 ± 0.08) Ω at the electrolyte/counter electrode interface along with low charge transfer resistance () of (24.97 ± 0.14) Ω at TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface and charge diffusion resistance () of (34.14 ± 0.11) Ω in redox electrolyte increase the electrons dynamic, thus resulting high and hence high DSSC efficiency. This work shows that PUA-based electrolytes have potential for DSSC applications

Ionic transport study of hybrid gel polymer electrolyte based on PMMA-PLA incorporated with ionic liquid

Hybrid gel polymer electrolytes (HGPEs) based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-polylactic acid (PLA) doped with LiTFSI and incorporated with 1-butyl-3-methylimidozalium chloride (BmimCl) were successfully prepared. The complexes of the HGPEs with different BmimCl contents were characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Based on the impedance spectroscopy analysis, the HGPEs with the composition of 80% PMMA:20% PLA:20 wt.% LiTFSI:15 wt.% BmimCl possessed the highest room-temperature ionic conductivity of 1.63 × 10−3 S cm−1. The Arof-Noor (A-N) method was applied to investigate its transport properties, and it was found that the diffusion coefficient, D, ionic mobility, µ, and number density of ions, ɳ, were the main contributors of ionic conductivity improvement. Meanwhile, the highest conducting electrolyte lithium ion transference number was 0.67. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) analysis showed that the electrochemical stability window of the HGPE was 3.4 V vs Li/Li+. The findings suggest that the HGPE system incorporated with this ionic liquid could be a promising candidate for use as an electrolyte in flexible lithium-ion batteries