Molecular basis of flowering under natural long-day conditions in <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Plants sense light and temperature changes to regulate flowering time. Here, we show that expression of the Arabidopsis florigen gene, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), peaks in the morning during spring, a different pattern than we observe in the laboratory. Providing our laboratory growth conditions with a red/far-red light ratio similar to open-field conditions and daily temperature oscillation is sufficient to mimic the FT expression and flowering time in natural long days. Under the adjusted growth conditions, key light signalling components, such as phytochrome A and EARLY FLOWERING 3, play important roles in morning FT expression. These conditions stabilize CONSTANS protein, a major FT activator, in the morning, which is probably a critical mechanism for photoperiodic flowering in nature. Refining the parameters of our standard growth conditions to more precisely mimic plant responses in nature can provide a powerful method for improving our understanding of seasonal response

Legal character of transportation plan

Przedmiotem artykułu jest charakter prawny planu transportowego. Rozważania rozpoczęto od wyjaśnienia pojęcia planu transportowego. Opisano warunki niezbędne dla przyjęcia skutecznego planu transportowego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem podmiotów zobowiązanych do uchwalenia planu oraz postępowania w zakresie uchwalenia planu. Wskazano również na skutki braku planu dla praktyki publicznego transportu zbiorowego. Całość zamykają rozważania dotyczące możliwości współpracy transgranicznej w zakresie planowania transportu zbiorowego.Subject of the article is the legal character of transportation plan. The definition of transportation plan constitutes the starting point for further considerations. Conditions required for the acceptance of an effective transportation plan were described, with particular consideration of the subjects with an obligation to enact. Should no such plan be implemented, an indication of the effects of such omission on the practice of public transportation was made. The concluding deliberation reflects on the possibilities of cross-border cooperation within public transport planning