Repeated high flows drive morphological change in rivers in recently deglaciated catchments

Climate change is decreasing glacier cover and increasing the frequency and magnitude of precipitation-driven high flows and floods in many regions of the world. Precipitation may become the dominant water source for river systems in recently deglaciated catchments, with major rainfall events driving significant changes in river channel morphology. Few studies, however, have examined river channel response to repeated precipitation-driven high flows. In this study, we measured the geomorphological condition of four low-order rivers in recently deglaciated catchments (70–210 years ice free) before and after a series of repeated precipitation-driven high flows during summer 2014. High flows drove substantial initial morphological change, with up to 75% change in baseflow channel planform position and active channel form change from pre- to post-high flow. Post-high flow years were associated with increased instream wood and geomorphological complexity at all but the youngest river. Channel changes were part of an active relaxation stage at all rivers, where channels continued to migrate, and complexity varied through time. Overall, these measurements permit us to propose a conceptual model of the role of geomorphologically effective high flows in the context of paraglacial adjustment theory. Specifically, we suggest that older rivers in recently deglaciated catchments can undergo a short-term (&lt;10 years) increase in the rate of geomorphological development as a result of the recruitment of instream wood and channel migration during and following repeated precipitation-driven high flows. Enhancing our knowledge of these geomorphological and paraglacial processes in response to high flows is important for the effective management of riverine water and ecosystem resources in rapidly changing environments.</p

A river classification scheme to assess macroinvertebrate sensitivity to water abstraction pressures

The concept of environmental flows has been developed to manage human alteration of river flow regimes, as effective management requires an understanding of the ecological consequences of flow alteration. This study explores the concept of macroinvertebrate sensitivity to river flow alteration to establish robust quantitative relationships between biological indicators and hydrological pressures. Existing environmental flow classifications used by the environmental regulator for English rivers were tested using multilevel regression modelling. Results showed a weak relationship between the current abstraction sensitivity classification and macroinvertebrate response to flow pressure. An alternative approach, based on physically‐derived river types, was a better predictor of macroinvertebrate response. Intermediate sized lowland streams displayed the best model fit, while upland rivers exhibited poor model performance. A better understanding of the ecological response to flow variation in different river types could help water resource managers develop improved ecologically appropriate flow regimes, which support the integrity of river ecosystems

Instream wood increases riverbed temperature variability in a lowland sandy stream

The (re)introduction of wood into rivers is becoming increasingly popular in river restoration and natural flood management schemes. While instream wood is known to promote geomorphic and hydraulic diversity, the impact of wood in driving surface water‐streambed exchange and subsequent streambed temperatures remains under‐researched, particularly in lowland rivers. We make use of the occurrence of three naturally occurring wood structures in a small, lowland sandy stream to determine how the presence of wood alters the geomorphic, hydraulic and thermal properties of the streambed. Our results show that instream wood plays an important role in promoting localized geomorphic complexity and thermal variation in the streambed. Locations within and immediately downstream of wood structures displayed the highest temperature range and daily variation. Locations upstream of wood structures were characterized by weaker daily temperature variation, while areas without wood displayed relatively stable streambed temperatures, with little diurnal fluctuation. Our study indicates that at this lowland site, instream wood increased seasonal temperature extremes (increased summer and decreased winter temperatures) at shallow depths by enhancing infiltration of warmer (summer) and colder (winter) surface water. This reduction in thermal buffering is likely to have significant implications to streambed‐dwelling communities and highlights that the thermal impacts of wood reintroduction in lowland rivers should be considered prior to river restoration

Geomorphic effects of natural flood management woody dams in upland streams

One popular Natural Flood Management (NFM) technique involves the construction of channel-spanning woody dams in low-order streams that maintain a clearance height above base flows. While extensive research has examined the geomorphic effects of natural wood accumulations, little has been documented of NFM woody dams, which are structurally distinct from natural accumulations and may produce different patterns of erosion and deposition. This consideration is crucial because changes in physical habitat characteristics have implications for flood management objectives as well as ecosystem structure and functioning. This study adopted a Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) design to assess the geomorphic effects of NFM woody dams in the upper River Cover catchment, United Kingdom. One baseline survey prior to and three monitoring surveys up to 2 years following dam construction were conducted. Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry was employed to capture topographic change, supplemented by bathymetric surveys. Results highlight that where the dams remained secure in place, they promoted in-stream habitat diversity by creating underflow pools. Sediment storage was observed only where the dams had clearance heights <0.3 m from the stream bed. Additionally, the dams commonly led to bank erosion, likely enhanced by inherent bank instability in the study catchment as observed along the control reaches. However, volumes of sediments eroded and deposited were not statistically different between the control and woody dam reaches. Longer monitoring is required to determine whether these effects on channel morphology and habitat diversity will persist, amplify, or diminish over time, and to better understand the longevity of NFM woody dams

Evaluating the effectiveness of land use management as a natural flood management intervention in reducing the impact of flooding for an upland catchment

Natural flood management (NFM) is a method for reducing flooding by using a catchment-based approach to managing flood risk. Understanding and quantifying the impact of implementing NFM at the catchment scale remains ambiguous with a clear need for robust empirical evidence. A combination of fieldwork, laboratory analysis and modelling was applied to quantify the impacts of land use management changes on catchment flood hazard. Soil hydraulic conductivity was measured under varying land management regimes and used to parameterize a physically based spatially distributed hydrological model (SD-TOPMODEL). A suite of stakeholder informed land management scenarios was modelled, permitting the quantification of the impact of NFM interventions on the timing and the intensity of the peak discharge at the catchment outlet. The findings support the implementation of NFM interventions as a means of reducing flood hazard within a rural upland catchment. Improved soil infiltration provided the greatest reduction in the intensity and delayed timing of the flood peak for a 10-year occurrence storm event (7% reduction in peak runoff and 8% increase in lag time) with similar reductions observed for a 100-year storm event. Catchment wide woodland planting reduced peak flow by 11% during the 100-year event but was not effective during the 10-year event. Riparian buffer strips provided consistent reductions in peak flow and in the timing of the peak across both storm events with no significant differences relating to vegetation age. Critically, we observed that the effect of implementing multiple NFM interventions was not additive and that efficiencies can be made in using this modelling approach to prioritize the most effective outcomes

Enhanced hyporheic exchange flow around woody debris does not increase nitrate reduction in a sandy streambed

Anthropogenic nitrogen pollution is a critical problem in freshwaters. Although riverbeds are known to attenuate nitrate, it is not known if large woody debris (LWD) can increase this ecosystem service through enhanced hyporheic exchange and streambed residence time. Over a year, we monitored the surface water and pore water chemistry at 200 points along a ~50m reach of a lowland sandy stream with three natural LWD structures. We directly injected 15N-nitrate at 108 locations within the top 1.5m of the streambed to quantify in situ denitrification, anammox and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia, which, on average, contributed 85%, 10% and 5% of total nitrate reduction, respectively. Total nitrate reducing activity ranged from 0-16µM h-1 and was highest in the top 30cm of the stream bed. Depth, ambient nitrate and water residence time explained 44% of the observed variation in nitrate reduction; fastest rates were associated with slow flow and shallow depths. In autumn, when the river was in spate, nitrate reduction (in situ and laboratory measures) was enhanced around the LWD compared with non-woody areas, but this was not seen in the spring and summer. Overall, there was no significant effect of LWD on nitrate reduction rates in surrounding streambed sediments, but higher pore water nitrate concentrations and shorter residence times, close to LWD, indicated enhanced delivery of surface water into the streambed under high flow. When hyporheic exchange is too strong, overall nitrate reduction is inhibited due to short flow-paths and associated high oxygen concentrations

Advancing river corridor science beyond disciplinary boundaries with an inductive approach to catalyse hypothesis generation

A unified conceptual framework for river corridors requires synthesis of diverse site-, method- and discipline-specific findings. The river research community has developed a substantial body of observations and process-specific interpretations, but we are still lacking a comprehensive model to distill this knowledge into fundamental transferable concepts. We confront the challenge of how a discipline classically organized around the deductive model of systematically collecting of site-, scale-, and mechanism-specific observations begins the process of synthesis. Machine learning is particularly well-suited to inductive generation of hypotheses. In this study, we prototype an inductive approach to holistic synthesis of river corridor observations, using support vector machine regression to identify potential couplings or feedbacks that would not necessarily arise from classical approaches. This approach generated 672 relationships linking a suite of 157 variables each measured at 62 locations in a fifth order river network. Eighty four percent of these relationships have not been previously investigated, and representing potential (hypothetical) process connections. We document relationships consistent with current understanding including hydrologic exchange processes, microbial ecology, and the River Continuum Concept, supporting that the approach can identify meaningful relationships in the data. Moreover, we highlight examples of two novel research questions that stem from interpretation of inductively-generated relationships. This study demonstrates the implementation of machine learning to sieve complex data sets and identify a small set of candidate relationships that warrant further study, including data types not commonly measured together. This structured approach complements traditional modes of inquiry, which are often limited by disciplinary perspectives and favour the careful pursuit of parsimony. Finally, we emphasize that this approach should be viewed as a complement to, rather than in place of, more traditional, deductive approaches to scientific discovery