Chiroptical Properties and Conformation of 4,5-Saturated Derivatives of 5-Aryl-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones

CD spectra of a series of 5-aryl-7-chloro-l,3,4,5-tetrahydro- 2H-l,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives having different substituents at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 were studied. The absolute configuration at C-5 of two homochiral analogues, 1 and 2, having enantiomorphous ring conformations was determined on the basis of chiroptical correlations and theoretical calculations. The latter have shown that the optical activity mainly originates from the one-electron mechanism and is determined by the helicity of the diazepine ring, i. e. by the inherent chirality of the partial chromophore 4-chloro-N,2-dimethyl-formanilide. Exciton inter action s between transitions of the two arornatic chromophores A and C also give a significant contribution to chiroptical properties. By applying simple chiroptical rules dedueed from experimental spectra and supported by calculations, the stereochemistry (absolute conformation and configuration), of 3,5-disubstituted cis and trans epimeric pairs (7-17) was revealed

CMIP5 Intermodel Relationships in the Baseline Southern Ocean Climate System and With Future Projections

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordClimate models exhibit a broad range in the simulated properties of the climate system. In the early historical period, the absolute global mean surface air temperature in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP5) models spans a range of ~12-15 °C. Other climate variables may be linked to global mean temperature, and so accurate representation of the baseline climate state is crucial for meaningful future climate projections. In CMIP5 baseline climate states, statistically significant intermodel correlations between Southern Ocean surface temperature, outgoing shortwave radiation, cloudiness, the position of the mid-latitude eddy-driven jet, and Antarctic sea ice area are found. The baseline temperature relationships extend to projected future changes in the same set of variables. The tendency for models with initially cooler Southern Ocean to exhibit more global warming, and vice versa for initially warmer models, is linked to baseline Southern Ocean climate system biases. Some of these intermodel correlations arise due to a ‘capacity for change’. For example, models with more sea ice initially have greater capacity to lose sea ice as the planet warms, whereas models with little sea ice initially are constrained in the amount they can lose. Similar constraints apply to Southern Ocean clouds, which are projected to reduce under radiative forcing, and the jet latitude, which is projected to migrate poleward. A first look at emerging data from CMIP6 reveals a shift of the relationship from the Southern Ocean towards the Antarctic region, possibly due to reductions in Southern Ocean biases, such westerly wind representation.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans ResearchAustralian Government National Environmental Science ProgramAustralian Research Council (ARC

Kondisi Self Disclosure Mahasiswa Bimbingan dan Konseling

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasikan kondisi <em>self disclosure</em> mahasiswa Bimbingan dan Konseling berdasarkan dimensi keluasan dan kedalaman. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif<em> </em>dengan metode kuantitatif. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Inventori Pengukuran <em>Self Disclosure</em> Mahasiswa (IPSDM), dengan Sampel sebanyak 85 orang mahasiswa menggunakan teknik <em>Simple Random Sampling</em>. Temuan penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa, 1) Sebanyak 55,29% mahasiswa Bimbingan dan Konseling memiliki kondisi keluasan<em> self disclosure</em> pada kategori tidak luas dan dilihat pada target <em>person </em> menunjukkan bahwa ibu merupakan target <em>person</em> pertama dan paling banyak dipilih responden penelitian (72,16%), 2) Sebanyak 38,82% mahasiswa Bimbingan dan Konseling memiliki kondisi kedalaman<em> self disclosure</em> pada kategori sedang. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan mahasiswa Bimbingan dan Konseling, agar dapat memperluas dan memperdalam kemampuan melakukan <em>self disclosure</em> dan perlu pelayanan Bimbingan dan Konseling untuk memperluas dan memperdalam kemampuan dalam melakukan <em>self disclosure</em>.</p

CMIP5 Intermodel Relationships in the Baseline Southern Ocean Climate System and With Future Projections

Climate models exhibit a broad range in the simulated properties of the climate system. In the early historical period, the absolute global mean surface air temperature in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5) models spans a range of ∼12°C – 15°C. Other climate variables may be linked to global mean temperature, and so accurate representation of the baseline climate state is crucial for meaningful future climate projections. In CMIP5 baseline climate states, statistically significant intermodel correlations between Southern Ocean surface temperature, outgoing shortwave radiation, cloudiness, the position of the mid-latitude eddy-driven jet, and Antarctic sea ice area are found. The baseline temperature relationships extend to projected future changes in the same set of variables, impacting on the projected global mean surface temperature change. Models with initially cooler Southern Ocean tend to exhibit more global warming, and vice versa for initially warmer models. These relationships arise due to a “capacity for change”. For example, cold-biased models tend to have more cloud cover, sea ice, and equatorward jet initially, and thus a greater capacity to lose cloud cover and sea ice, and for the jet to shift poleward under global warming. A first look at emerging data from CMIP6 reveals a shift of the relationship from the Southern Ocean towards the Antarctic region, possibly due to reductions in Southern Ocean biases, such as in westerly wind representation