Anti-inflammatory properties of desipramine and fluoxetine

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Cellular therapies for treating pain associated with spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury leads to immense disability and loss of quality of life in human with no satisfactory clinical cure. Cell-based or cell-related therapies have emerged as promising therapeutic potentials both in regeneration of spinal cord and mitigation of neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury. This article reviews the various options and their latest developments with an update on their therapeutic potentials and clinical trialing

Detection of kappa opioid receptors on mouse thymocyte phenotypic subpopulations as assessed by flow cytometry

ABSTRACT Recent studies have shown kappa opioid receptor labeling on the R1EGO thymoma cell line by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis. The present study used a fluorescein-labeled arylacetamide (FITC-AA), a kappa opioid ligand, in conjunction with biotin-conjugated anti-fluorescein IgG and extravidin-R-phycoerythrin (PE), along with doublelabeling with antibodies against specific immune cell surface markers to determine which subpopulation(s) of thymocytes express the kappa opioid receptor. Thymocytes, isolated from 6-to 8-week-old C57BL/6ByJ mice, incubated with FITC-AA followed by the PE amplification procedure, demonstrated labeling of the kappa opioid receptor. This labeling was inhibited 55 Ϯ 4% above background by excess nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a kappa selective antagonist. This kappa opioid receptor positive population consisted of 58 Ϯ 2% of all gated thymocytes. Phenotypic characterization determined that not only were 64 Ϯ 3% of the gated thymocytes CD4 ϩ / kappa opioid receptor positive, but 60 Ϯ 1% of all thymocytes were CD8 ϩ / kappa opioid receptor positive. Two subpopulations of CD3 ϩ thymocytes, consisting of both mature and immature cells, also displayed labeling for the kappa opioid receptor. Double-labeling of thymocytes with anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies demonstrated 82 Ϯ 0.5% of these cells were of the double-positive phenotype. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that the thymocytes, which express the kappa opioid receptor, are predominantly of the immature CD4 ϩ /CD8 ϩ phenotype. Collectively, these findings not only establish the presence of the kappa opioid receptor on immune cells involved in opioid responsiveness, but further indicate that this technique allows for the identification of distinct lymphocyte subpopulations which express the receptor