The Resilience of Islamic Boarding Schools as National Sharia Economic Providers Before and After COVID-19

Indonesia is a country that values religious freedomly. The reason for this is that Indonesia's economy can be classified as one of the Sharia-compliant economies. As is well known, innovation is required to enable the economy develop in tandem with changing times. The COVID-19 epidemic has had a significant impact on a country's economic development. However, the development of the COVID-19 epidemic appears to have the potential to assist Islamic boarding schools innovate. The reason for this is that Islamic boarding schools can aid in the development of the national Sharia economy. The contribution of Islamic boarding schools to the economy will undoubtedly be significant, particularly for the Muslim majority of Indonesians. The function of pesantren in the economy industry is well-known to receive support from Bank Indonesia itself, which is claimed to be prioritizing infrastructure development. The findings show that Islamic boarding schools require protection in order to aid the Islamic economy, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, Islamic boarding schools served as a resource for people who wanted to follow Islamic teachings. Pesantren, on the other hand, have become a driving force for the economy as time has passed and a pandemic has emerged

Tracking the emergence of the consonant bias in visual-word recognition: evidence with developing readers

Recent research with skilled adult readers has consistently revealed an advantage of consonants over vowels in visual-word recognition (i.e., the so-called "consonant bias"). Nevertheless, little is known about how early in development the consonant bias emerges. This work aims to address this issue by studying the relative contribution of consonants and vowels at the early stages of visual-word recognition in developing readers (2(nd) and 4(th) Grade children) and skilled adult readers (college students) using a masked priming lexical decision task. Target words starting either with a consonant or a vowel were preceded by a briefly presented masked prime (50 ms) that could be the same as the target (e.g., pirata-PIRATA [pirate-PIRATE]), a consonant-preserving prime (e.g., pureto-PIRATA), a vowel-preserving prime (e.g., gicala-PIRATA), or an unrelated prime (e.g., bocelo -PIRATA). Results revealed significant priming effects for the identity and consonant-preserving conditions in adult readers and 4(th) Grade children, whereas 2(nd) graders only showed priming for the identity condition. In adult readers, the advantage of consonants was observed both for words starting with a consonant or a vowel, while in 4(th) graders this advantage was restricted to words with an initial consonant. Thus, the present findings suggest that a Consonant/Vowel skeleton should be included in future (developmental) models of visual-word recognition and reading.This research has been partially supported by Grant PTDC/PSI-PCO/104679/2008 from Portuguese FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) and FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional) through the European programs QREN (Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional) and COMPETE (Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade), and by Grant PSI2011-26924 from the Spanish Government. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript