STABILITY-INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SOFOSBUVIR, VELPATASVIR, AND VOXILAPREVIR IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: The present study was aimed to develop a novel, simple, rapid accurate and precise, stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous estimation of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir in bulk and tablet dosage forms. Methods: The chromatographic elution was achieved in isocratic mode using the combination of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir in the ratio of acetonitrile and water (65:35%v/v) using a Phenomenex C18 column which has specification (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μ particle size) and the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and wavelength (ultraviolet) detection at 220 nm. Results: The retention time obtained for sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir was 2.213 min, 2.568 min, and 2.917 min, respectively. Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir and their combination drug product were exposed to acidic, alkali, thermal, photolytic, and oxidative stress conditions. The current method was validated according to the ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, and sensitivity. Conclusion: The method developed is more sensitive, accurate, precise, and robust then the methods reported earlier. Retention time and run time were decreased; hence, the method is economical simple and precise. Forced degradation studies indicated for the suitability of the method for stability studies of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir. The proposed method can be used for routine quality control analysis test in pharmaceutical industries

Haematological Manifestations in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease in relation to FEV1 Coimbatore Medical College Hospital

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease characterized by airflow limitation resulting from airway inflammation, parenchymal destruction and the development of emphysema. COPD results from inflammatory mechanisms, the “SPILL-OVER” of inflammatory mediators like IL6, IL-8, TNF-∝ leads to systemic inflammation and also initiates or worsens comorbid diseases. About 15-30% of COPD patients have anemia and this is noticed especially in patients with severe disease, and the occurrence of polycythaemia is only 6%. Anemia is related to depressed functional capacity and for low quality and standard of life. METHODOLOGY: This clinical observational study was undertaken to investigate the pattern and magnitude of Hematological parameters in the relationship with the severity of the disease by Forced Expiratory Volume1 (FEV1). 60 Patients were included in this study. All the Patients were subjected to detailed History and Physical examination. Lung function parameters were assessed with the help of spirometer. All patients underwent Haematological parameters with particular reference to HB%, MCV, MCH, MCHC, HAEMATOCRIT and PERIPHERAL SMEAR along with routine tests. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In our study, 56% of patients had anemia, among them 70% had Normocytic Normochromic Anemia and 30% had Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia. Patients with duration of illness 6-10 yrs had 57% risk for anemia and > 10 yrs had 87% risk for anemia. Patients with history of exposure to Cotton mill dust had 71% risk for anemia. CONCLUSION: Patients with decreased FEV1, having prolonged duration of illness and increasing grades of dyspnea had high risk for anemia. Patients with exposure to Cotton Mill dust and with the history of smoking had increased risk for anemia, but its association was not statistically significant

Theories of Ultrasonic Velocities and their Application in Binary Liquid Mixtures of N-Ethylaniline with Some Toluenes (Toluene, o-Nitrotoluene and m-Nitrotoluene)

Abstract: Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of N-ethyl aniline with different toluenes like toluene, o-nitrotoluene and m-nitrotoluene have been measured at temperatures 303.15 and 308.15 K over the entire composition range. Various theories of ultrasonic velocity were applied to experimental values in evaluating the velocities using Nomoto's relation (U NR ), Impedence relation (U IR ), Ideal mixing relation (U IMR ), Jungie's relation (U JR )and Rao's specific velocity relation (U R ). The molecular interaction parameter (χ) has been evaluated from the values of experimental and theoretical velocities. The variation of this interaction parameter with the composition mixture has been discussed in terms of molecular interactions

ENHANCED REAL-TIME GROUP AUCTION SYSTEM FOR EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF CLOUD INTERNET APPLICATIONS

Cloud internet applications have recently attracted a large number of users in the Internet. With the invention of these cloud internet applications, it is inefficient to allocate maximum number of participants in real time group auction system. So an efficient approximation algorithm is proposed with the improved combinatorial double auction protocol. It is developed to enable different kinds of resource distribution among multiple users and providers. At the same time it includes more number of participants in an auction. Due to the NP-hardness of binary integer programming for resource distribution in a real time group auction system, the improved approximation algorithm is proposed to deal with np-hardness and to obtain the optimal solution. Participant honesty is necessary to ensure auction trustfulness

Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria from the Gut of Bombyx mori that Degrade Cellulose, Xylan, Pectin and Starch and Their Impact on Digestion

Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) have been domesticated and widely used for silk production. It feeds on mulberry leaves. Mulberry leaves are mainly composed of pectin, xylan, cellulose and starch. Some of the digestive enzymes that degrade these carbohydrates might be produced by gut bacteria. Eleven isolates were obtained from the digestive tract of B. mori, including the Gram positive Bacillus circulans and Gram negative Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas sp., and Erwinia sp.. Three of these isolates, P. vulgaris, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, were cellulolytic and xylanolytic, P. fluorescens and Erwinia sp., were pectinolytic and K. pneumoniae degraded starch. Aeromonas sp. was able to utilize the CMcellulose and xylan. S. liquefaciens was able to utilize three polysaccharides including CMcellulose, xylan and pectin. B. circulans was able to utilize all four polysaccharides with different efficacy. The gut of B. mori has an alkaline pH and all of the isolated bacterial strains were found to grow and degrade polysaccharides at alkaline pH. The number of cellulolytic bacteria increases with each instar

Optimization and Validation of Quantitative Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Alfuzosin in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Three accurate, simple and precise spectrophotometric methods for the determination of alfuzosin hydrochloride in bulk drugs and tablets are developed. The first method is based on the reaction of alfuzosin with ninhydrin reagent in N, N'-dimethylformamide medium (DMF) producing a colored product which absorbs maximally at 575 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range 12.5-62.5 µg/mL of alfuzosin. The second method is based on the reaction of drug with ascorbic acid in DMF medium resulting in the formation of a colored product, which absorbs maximally at 530 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration 10-50 µg/mL of alfuzosin. The third method is based on the reaction of alfuzosin with p-benzoquinone (PBQ) to form a colored product with λmax at 400 nm. The products of the reaction were stable for 2 h at room temperature. The optimum experimental parameters for the reactions have been studied. The validity of the described procedures was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods could be used for the determination of alfuzosin in pharmaceutical formulations. The procedures were rapid, simple and suitable for quality control application

New Diazo Coupling Reactions for Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Alfuzosin in Pharmaceutical Preparations

Simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric procedures were developed for the analysis of Alfuzosin hydrochloride (AFZ) in pure form as well as in pharmaceutical formulations. The methods are based on the reaction of AFZ with nitrite in acid medium to form diazonium ion, which is coupled with ethoxyethylenemaleic ester (Method A) or ethylcyanoacetate (Method B) or acetyl acetone (method C) in basic medium to form azo dyes, showing absorption maxima at 440, 465 and 490 nm respectively. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration of 4-20 μg/mL of AFZ for methods A, B and 3-15 μg/mL of AFZ for method C. The molar absorptivity and sandell’s sensitivity of AFZ- ethoxyethylenemaleic ester, AFZ- ethylcyanoacetate and AFZ-acetyl acetone are1.90 × 104, 0.022; 1.93 × 104, 0.021 and 2.67 × 104 L mole-1 cm-1, 0.015 μg cm-2 respectively. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of AFZ in pharmaceutical formulations