Aberrant timing and oddball detection in schizophrenia: findings from a signed differential mapping meta-analysis

Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with deficits in both temporal and salience processing. The underlying neurological dysfunctions in both processes, which are interrelated and share neuroanatomical bases, remain poorly understood. The principal objective of this study was to elucidate whether there are any brain regions that show abnormal response during timing and oddball tasks in patients with SZ. To this end, we conducted a signed differential mapping (SDM) meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies assessing abnormal responses elicited by tasks based on the oddball paradigm in patients with SZ. We conducted a similar SDM meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of timing tasks in SZ. Finally, we undertook a multimodal meta-analysis to detect the common findings of the two previous meta-analyses. We found that SZ patients showed hypoactivation in cortical and subcortical areas related to timing. The dysfunction observed during timing tasks partially coincided with deficiencies in change-detection functions (particularly in the case of preattentional processing in the mismatch negativity response). We hypothesize that a dysfunctional timing/change detection network underlies the cognitive impairment observed in SZ

Adições crescentes de ácido fítico à dieta não interferiram na digestibilidade da caseína e no ganho de peso em ratos Increasing quantities of phytic acid in the diet did not affect casein digestibility and weight gain in rats

O crescente consumo de alimentos de origem vegetal, sejam como fontes protéicas com baixo teor de gordura ou como fontes de fibras, tem acrescido à dieta humana o ácido fítico. Devido à sua carga altamente negativa, o ácido fítico tem sido visto como componente de ação antinutricional capaz de quelar minerais bivalentes, proteínas e amido, podendo comprometer a biodisponibilidade destes nutrientes. No presente estudo investigou-se a influência da adição de ácido fítico à dieta de caseína, em concentrações iguais ou até oito vezes superiores àquelas encontradas no feijão-comum Phaseolus vulgaris, cultivar IAC-Carioca (14,7mg de ácido fítico/g feijão cru), durante período experimental de dez dias, sobre os índices nutricionais Ganho de Peso, Quociente de Eficiência da Dieta, Quociente de Eficiência Protéica Líquida, Digestibilidade Aparente e Digestibilidade Verdadeira. Trinta e seis ratos machos SPF da linhagem Wistar, recém-desmamados, divididos em grupos experimentais com seis ratos cada, foram alimentados com dieta purificada AIN-93G isenta de ácido fítico (Controle) e dietas teste AIN-93G acrescidas de 218, 436, 872 e 1744mg de ácido fítico/kg de dieta (Tratamentos). Os ganhos de peso (g) e os índices de qualidade dietética e protéica não apresentaram diferença estatística (p>0,05), e os valores médios entre os grupos foram: Ganho de Peso: 59,5 &plusmn; 5,0g; Quociente de Eficiência da Dieta: 0,39 &plusmn; 0,01; Quociente de Eficiência Protéica Líquida: 3,64 &plusmn; 0,12; Digestibilidade Aparente: 92,7 &plusmn; 1,1% e Digestibilidade Verdadeira: 94,4 &plusmn; 0,9%. Os resultados demonstraram que nas condições experimentais utilizadas, o ácido fítico não foi capaz de alterar o valor nutritivo da caseína.<br>The recent increasing consumption of vegetal origin foods, in order to obtain protein or fiber sources with low fat, has led to the presence of various amounts of phytic acid in the diet. The phytic acid has a strong negative charge and is capable of interacting with divalent minerals, protein and starch, reducing their bioavailability. In the present study, increasing quantities of phytic acid were added to the purified diet AIN-93G, more specifically 0 (Control), 218, 436, 872 and 1744 mg/kg of diet, which correspond (except the control diet) to the concentration of 14.7mg of phytic of acid/g of raw bean, found in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, cultivar. IAC-Carioca), representing a one to eightfold increase, respectively. Thirty-six weaning Wistar rats were fed, during an experimental period of ten days, the purified diet AIN-93G without phytic acid (Control) and the experimental diets containing the cited amounts of phytic acid per kg of diet (six rats per group). The Weight Gain, the Diet Efficiency Ratio and the Protein Quality Indexes Net Protein Ratio, Apparent Digestibility and True Digestibility were determined and showed no statistical difference (p>0.05). The mean values among the groups were: Weight Gain: 59.5 &plusmn; 5.0g; Diet Efficiency Ratio: 0.39 &plusmn; 0.01; Net Protein Ratio: 3.64 &plusmn;0.12; Apparent Digestibility: 92.7 &plusmn;1.1% and True Digestibility: 94.4 &plusmn;0.9%. Thus, the results showed that phytic acid did not affect the nutritive value of casein