Modeling carbon black reinforcement in rubber compounds

One of the advocated reinforcement mechanisms is the formation by the filler of a network interpenetrating the polymer network. The deformation and reformation of the filler network allows the explanation of low strain dynamic physical properties of the composite. The present model relies on a statistical study of a collection of elementary mechanical systems, This leads to a mathematical approach of the complex modulus G* = G' + iG". The storage and loss modulus (G' and G", respectively), are expressed in the form of two integrals capable of modeling their Variation with respect to strain

Interpol and the Emergence of Global Policing

This chapter examines global policing as it takes shape through the work of Interpol, the International Criminal Police Organization. Global policing emerges in the legal, political and technological amalgam through which transnational police cooperation is carried out, and includes the police practices inflected and made possible by this phenomenon. Interpol’s role is predominantly in the circulation of information, through which it enters into relationships and provides services that affect aspects of governance, from the local to national, regional and global. The chapter describes this assemblage as a noteworthy experiment in developing what McKeon called a frame for common action. Drawing on Interpol publications, news stories, interviews with staff, and fieldwork at the General Secretariat in Lyon, France, the history, institutional structure, and daily practices are described. Three cases are analyzed, concerning Red Notices, national sovereignty, and terrorism, in order to explore some of the problems arising in Interpol’s political and technical operating arrangements. In conclusion, international and global policing are compared schematically, together with Interpol’s attempts to give institutional and procedural direction to the still-evolving form of global policing

25.1 High Efficiency Monolithic Perovskite Silicon Tandem Solar Cell with a High Bandgap Perovskite Absorber

Monolithic perovskite silicon tandem solar cells can overcome the theoretical efficiency limit of silicon solar cells. This requires an optimum bandgap, high quantum efficiency, and high stability of the perovskite. Herein, a silicon heterojunction bottom cell is combined with a perovskite top cell, with an optimum bandgap of 1.68 amp; 8201;eV in planar p i n tandem configuration. A methylammonium free FA0.75Cs0.25Pb I0.8Br0.2 3 perovskite with high Cs content is investigated for improved stability. A 10 molarity increase to 1.1 amp; 8201;m of the perovskite precursor solution results in amp; 8776;75 amp; 8201;nm thicker absorber layers and 0.7 amp; 8201;mA amp; 8201;cm amp; 8722;2 higher short circuit current density. With the optimized absorber, tandem devices reach a high fill factor of 80 and up to 25.1 certified efficiency. The unencapsulated tandem device shows an efficiency improvement of 2.3 absolute over 5 amp; 8201;months, showing the robustness of the absorber against degradation. Moreover, a photoluminescence quantum yield analysis reveals that with adapted charge transport materials and surface passivation, along with improved antireflection measures, the high bandgap perovskite absorber has the potential for 30 tandem efficiency in the near futur

The structure of carbon black and its composites with elastomers: A study using neutron scattering

The authors have been exploring the use of small-angle neutron scattering and the method of contrast variation to give a new look at a very old problem--reinforcement of elastomers by carbon black in durable rubber products. The method has yielded some interesting information on the structure of an experimental carbon black, HSA, and on the associations of HSA in polyisoprene composites. Carbon black has a hierarchy of structures consisting of particles covalently bound into aggregates, which in turn associate by weak interactions into agglomerates. The authors found that in HSA the aggregates are rodlike, containing an average of 4--6 particles. The aggregates have an outer graphitic shell and an inner core of lower density carbon. The core is continuous throughout the carbon black aggregate. Contrast variation of swollen HSA-polyisoprene gels show that the HSA is completely embedded in polyisoprene and that the agglomerates are formed predominantly by end on associations of the rodlike aggregates. The surface structure of the carbon black appears smooth over length scales above about 10 {angstrom}. Further studies on production carbon blacks suggest that the shell-like aggregate structure is present in commercial carbon blacks