Impact of Smoking on Development and Progression of Periodontal Disease

Pušenje se smatra rizičnim čimbenikom za nastanak i progresiju parodontne bolesti. Svrha je rada bila odrediti prevalenciju pušenja u uzorku ispitivanih pacijenata koji boluju od parodontitisa, utvrditi utjecaj pušenja na razvoj i progresiju parodontne bolesti i usporediti parodontni status pušača i nepušača. Ispitano je dvjesto pacijenata, pola kojih je bilo pušača a pola nepušača, te su podijeljeni u četiri dobne skupine: do 19, 20-35, 35 65 i 66 i više, i klasificirani prema spolu. Parodontni status vrjednovan je Community Periodontal Indexom (CPI) i Loss of Attachment Indexom (LA), te Klein-Palmerovim (KEP) Indexom. Prema rezultatima CPI-a, nepušači imaju statistički znatno veću prevalenciju zdrava parodonta od skupine pušača, u kojih je zabilježena veća prevalencija plitkih i dubokih parodontnih džepova. Prevalencija parodontnih bolesti u svih ispitanih pacijenata iznosila je 41%. U skupini pušača 60% ispitanika imalo je parodontnu bolest, a 25% ispitanika u skupini nepušača. Prema rezultatima LA indeksa, postoji statistički znatnije veća prevalencija gubitka epitelnoga pričvrstka veća od 3mm u skupini ispitanika - pušača nego u skupini ispitanika nepušača. Prema rezultatima KEP-indeksa, ispitanici pušači imaju statistički znatno više karijesa i ekstrakcija nego nepušači, a u broju liječenih zuba nije bilo statistički znatne razlike. Rezultati pokazuju da broj cigareta konzumiran u danu ne utječe na razvoj parodontne bolesti, no svi ostali rezultati pokazuju da su prevalencija i stupanj parodontne bolesti statistički znatno veći u ispitivanoj skupini pušača nego u ispitivanoj skupini nepušača iste dobi i spola.Smoking is considered to be a risk factor for onset and progression of periodontal disease. The aim was to determine the prevalence of smoking in the sample, subject to examination among the patients that suffer from periodontal diseases, to identify the impact of smoking on development and progression of periodontal disease, and to compare the periodontal status between smokers and non-smokers. Two hundred patients, half of which were smokers an the other half non-smokers, were examined, and divided in four age groups: up to 1, 20-35, 36-65, and 66 and up, and further classified by gender. Periodontal status was evaluated by use of the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), the Loss of Attachment Index (LA), and Klein-Palmer (KEP) Index. Following CPI, the non-smokers were found to have statistically significantly higher prevalence of healthy periodontium that the smokers, in whom a higher prevalence of shallow and deep pockets. Prevalence of periodontal disease in all of the examined patients was 42%. In the group of smokers 60% of examinees were found to have periodontal disease, and 25% of examinees in the group of non smokers. Following LA index, there was statistically significantly higher prevalence of loss of atachment greater than 3 mm in the group of patients who were smokers, than in the group of non-smokers. Following KEP-index, the smokers examined had statistically significantly more caries and extracions than non-smokers,whereas there were no differences in the number of teeth cured. Results showed that the number of cigarttes consumed per day does not affect the development of periodontal disease, but all of the other results showed that the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases among the examined group of smokers was statistically significantly higher than in the examined group of non-smokers of the same age and sex

Protein Analysis by Mass Spectrometry

Opisana je analiza bioloških spojeva spektrometrijom masa (MS) uz ionizaciju elektroraspršenjem (ESI) i matricom pomognutu ionizaciju uz desorpciju laserskim zračenjem (MALDI). Objašnjena je karakterizacija proteinskih posttranslacijskih modifikacija i identifikacija proteina na temelju određivanja molekulske mase peptida (engl. peptide mass fingerprint, PMF) te identifikacija na temelju fragmentiranja peptida (kolizijom inducirana fragmentacija i poslijeionizacijska fragmentacija). Također je dan pregled metoda za kemijsku modifikaciju peptida, čime se omogućuje kvantifikacija i de novo sekvenciranje proteina.Soft ionization techniques, electrospray (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) make the analysis of biomolecules by mass spectrometry (MS) possible. MS is used for determination of the molecular weight of peptides and protein, sequence analysis, characterization of protein-ligand interactions etc. The detection limit, resolution and mass accuracy depend on instrument used (Table 1). Impurities (buffers, salts, detergents) can reduce the ion intensities or even totally suppress them, so a separation method (chromatography, 2D-gel electrophoresis) must be used for purification of the sample. Molecular mass of intact protein can be determined by ESI or MALDI MS. Multiply charged ions are produced by ESI MS, while singly charged ions are predominant in MALDI spectra (Fig. 2). Sequence analysis of proteins by MS can be performed using peptide mass fingerprint. In this method, proteins are separated by 2-D gel electrophoresis and digested with specific protease (Table 2) or digested and then separated by two-dimensional chromatography (Fig. 1). The obtained peptide mixtures are analyzed by MS or MALDI-TOF technique. The masses determined by MS are compared with calculated masses from database entries. Different algorithms have been developed for protein identification. Example of posttranslational modifications (N- and O-glycosylation) and protein sequence complex analysis after dual digestion (endoproteinase digestion followed by endoglycosidase digestion) is shown in Fig. 3. It is known that detection of peptides by MS is influenced by intrinsic properties like amino acid composition, the basicity of the C-terminal amino acid, hydrophobicity, etc. Arginine-containing peptides dominate in MS spectra of tryptic digest, so the chemical derivatization of lysine terminal residue by O-methilisourea or 2-methoxy-4,5-1H-imidazole was suggested (Fig. 4). The peptide mass fingerprint method can be improved further by peptide fragmentation using tandem mass spectrometry (collision-induced dissociation, CID or post-source decay, PSD). Different types of fragments and main fragmentation paths are shown in Figs. 6 and 8. Fragmentation pathway of a doubly charged tryptic pentapeptide to b- and y-ions by collision-induced dissociation inside the mass spectrometer is described more in details in Fig. 7. All types of fragment ions are summarized in table 3. Since the any of the peptide bonds can be broken in several ways, the MS/MS spectra are complex, and quite difficult to interpret. Chemical derivatization is used to obtain only or predominantly one type of fragment ions. Sulfonation of N-terminal amino group enhance PSD sequencing, producing mainly y-type fragment ions. The mass difference of two consecutive y-ions corresponds to an amino acid mass, so the peptide sequence can be obtained with minimal or no assistance from genomic data, e. g. de novo protein sequencing is possible. Fig. 9 represents the strategy for the protein identification by mass spectrometry. Various chemical modifications on the peptide fragmentation patterns are shown in Fig. 10

Occlusal Interferences in Localised and Generalized Periodontitis

Značaj okuzijskih zapreka u razvoju i u terapiji parodontnih bolesti i poremećaja iznimno je kontroverzan. Još uvijek su u najstručnijim krugovima znanstvenika aktualne rasprave o povezanosti zapreka i okluzijske traume i o njihovoj ulozi u parodontnoj bolesti. Svrha rada bila je istražiti postoji li statistički znatna razlika u pojavnosti okluzijskih zapreka ( na radnoj i balansnoj strani) između skupine pacijenata s lokaliziranim parodontitisom i skupine pacijenata s generaliziranim parodontitisom. Ispitanici su bili pacijenti s parodontnom bolesti, koji su klasificirani prema Extent and Severity Indexu (ESI) na ispitivanu skupinu lokaliziranih parodontitisa i ispitivanu skupinu generaliziranih parodontitisa. Kretnje na laterotruzijskoj strani/kontakti u interkaninom području tijekom protruzijske kretnje bilježene su plavim artikulacijskim papirom debljine 12µ, a kontakti na mediotruzijskoj strani/kontakti u lateralnim područjima tijekom protruzijske kretnje bilježeni su crvenim artikulacijskim papirom debljine 12µ. U obje ispitivane skupine 45,12% ispitanika imalo je zapreke na radnoj strani, a 48,78% ispitanika imalo je zapreke na balansnoj strani. U skupini lokaliziranoga parodontitisa 33,33% ispitanika imalo je zapreke na radnoj strani, a 50,81% ispitanika imalo ih je u skupini generaliziranoga parodontitisa. Zapreke na balansnoj strani postojale su u 52,38% ipitanika u skupini lokaliziranoga parodontitisa, a 47,54% ispitanika imalo ih je u skupini generaliziranoga parodontitisa. Hi-kvadrat testom utvrđeno je da ne postoji statistički znatna razlika između pojavnosti okluzijskih zapreka u skupini ispitanika s lokaliziranim parodontitisom u usporedbi sa skupinom ispitanika s generaliziranim parodontitisom. Iako nema statistički znatne razlike, postoji tendencija razlike u frekvencijama (p = 0,054) te je vidljivo da u skupini ispitanika s generaliziranim parodontitisom postoji više slučajeva bez zapreka na balansnoj strani (52,45%) u odnosu prema skupini ispitanika s lokaliziranim parodontitisom (47,61%). Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da ne postoji statistički znatna razlika u pojavnosti okluzijskih zapreka u skupini ispitanika s lokaliziranim parodontitisom i u skupini ispitanika s generaliziranim parodontitisom.The significance of occlusal interference in the development and therapy of periodontal disease is very controversial. There are still very vivid discussions going on between experts whether or not interferences cause occlusal trauma, and wath is its role in periodontal disease. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there i statistically significant difference in the manifestation of occlusal interferences (working side and balancing side) among a group of patients sufferig from localised periodontitis and a group of patients with generalized periodontitis. Examinees were patients with periodontal disease, classified according to Extent and Severity Index (ESI) into a group with localised periodontitis and a group with generalized peiodontitis. Movements on the laterotrusion side/contacts in the intercanine segment in protrusion were marked with blue articulation paper 12µ thick, while contacts on the mediotrusion side/contacts in lateral segments during protrusion were marked with red articulation paper (12µ thick). Of al patients, there were 45.12% with working side interferences, and 48.78% with balancing side interferences in both examined groups. 33.33% of the examinees in the group with localised periodontitis had working side interferences, and 50.81% of the examinees in the group with generalized periodontitis. Balancing side interferences were found in 52.38% of patients in the group with localised periodontitis, and 47.54% of patients in the group with generalized periodontitis. Chi-square test showed that there was statistically significant difference between manifestation of occlusal interferences in the group of patients with localised periodontitis compared to manifestation of articulation interferences in the group of patients with generalized periodontitis (chi-square = 3.561; p = 0.313). Although there was no statistically significant difference, there was a tendency to difference in frequencies (p = 0.054), and it is shown that in the group of patients with generalized periodontitis there were more cases with no balancing side interferences on any side (52.45%), compared to the group of patients with localised periodontitis (47.61%). Results showed that there was no difference in manfestation of occlusal interferences in localised peiodontitis compared to generalized periodontitis

Mass spectrometric investigation of silver clusters

Silver clusters were produced by two different synthesis procedures, related with different reduction species. PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) was successfully utilized as a source to reduce silver (Ag) metal ions without using any additional reducing agents to obtain Ag clusters. Silver clusters with atoms numbering 5-29 are registered through mass spectrometry using MALDI TOF and MALDI TOF/TOF techniques. Analysis showed that clusters with magic numbers are the largest, while those with an odd number of atoms are larger than clusters with an even number of atoms. Stability of these molecules, magic number actually, is in relation with their electronic configuration

Impact of Smoking on Development and Progression of Periodontal Disease

Pušenje se smatra rizičnim čimbenikom za nastanak i progresiju parodontne bolesti. Svrha je rada bila odrediti prevalenciju pušenja u uzorku ispitivanih pacijenata koji boluju od parodontitisa, utvrditi utjecaj pušenja na razvoj i progresiju parodontne bolesti i usporediti parodontni status pušača i nepušača. Ispitano je dvjesto pacijenata, pola kojih je bilo pušača a pola nepušača, te su podijeljeni u četiri dobne skupine: do 19, 20-35, 35 65 i 66 i više, i klasificirani prema spolu. Parodontni status vrjednovan je Community Periodontal Indexom (CPI) i Loss of Attachment Indexom (LA), te Klein-Palmerovim (KEP) Indexom. Prema rezultatima CPI-a, nepušači imaju statistički znatno veću prevalenciju zdrava parodonta od skupine pušača, u kojih je zabilježena veća prevalencija plitkih i dubokih parodontnih džepova. Prevalencija parodontnih bolesti u svih ispitanih pacijenata iznosila je 41%. U skupini pušača 60% ispitanika imalo je parodontnu bolest, a 25% ispitanika u skupini nepušača. Prema rezultatima LA indeksa, postoji statistički znatnije veća prevalencija gubitka epitelnoga pričvrstka veća od 3mm u skupini ispitanika - pušača nego u skupini ispitanika nepušača. Prema rezultatima KEP-indeksa, ispitanici pušači imaju statistički znatno više karijesa i ekstrakcija nego nepušači, a u broju liječenih zuba nije bilo statistički znatne razlike. Rezultati pokazuju da broj cigareta konzumiran u danu ne utječe na razvoj parodontne bolesti, no svi ostali rezultati pokazuju da su prevalencija i stupanj parodontne bolesti statistički znatno veći u ispitivanoj skupini pušača nego u ispitivanoj skupini nepušača iste dobi i spola.Smoking is considered to be a risk factor for onset and progression of periodontal disease. The aim was to determine the prevalence of smoking in the sample, subject to examination among the patients that suffer from periodontal diseases, to identify the impact of smoking on development and progression of periodontal disease, and to compare the periodontal status between smokers and non-smokers. Two hundred patients, half of which were smokers an the other half non-smokers, were examined, and divided in four age groups: up to 1, 20-35, 36-65, and 66 and up, and further classified by gender. Periodontal status was evaluated by use of the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), the Loss of Attachment Index (LA), and Klein-Palmer (KEP) Index. Following CPI, the non-smokers were found to have statistically significantly higher prevalence of healthy periodontium that the smokers, in whom a higher prevalence of shallow and deep pockets. Prevalence of periodontal disease in all of the examined patients was 42%. In the group of smokers 60% of examinees were found to have periodontal disease, and 25% of examinees in the group of non smokers. Following LA index, there was statistically significantly higher prevalence of loss of atachment greater than 3 mm in the group of patients who were smokers, than in the group of non-smokers. Following KEP-index, the smokers examined had statistically significantly more caries and extracions than non-smokers,whereas there were no differences in the number of teeth cured. Results showed that the number of cigarttes consumed per day does not affect the development of periodontal disease, but all of the other results showed that the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases among the examined group of smokers was statistically significantly higher than in the examined group of non-smokers of the same age and sex