Building a tuberculosis-free world: The Lancet Commission on tuberculosis

___Key messages___ The Commission recommends five priority investments to achieve a tuberculosis-free world within a generation. These investments are designed to fulfil the mandate of the UN High Level Meeting on tuberculosis. In addition, they answer

1:1 @ Carleton University School of Architecture

There exists a long-standing tradition of full-scale construction in the design studio at the Carleton University School of Architecture. The mantra "building as speculation" is explicitly evoked in varying studio and workshop contexts, ubiquitous within the fabric of the curriculum and design culture of the school. The value placed on 1:1 material engagement and construction techniques is qualified by an understanding of drawing (traditional and technological) as a form of critical, theoretical, and practical speculation. "Building speculations" at Carleton, in other words, are not constrained to conventional notions of design/build, but occur freely in the studio as a form of "sketching" or "modeling" that informs a wide range of design activities. Supported by a fully equipped metal and wood shop and photographic, video, and digital facilities, the "build" tradition at Carleton continues to adjust and transform according to the demands of architectural pedagogy

Similarities of specificity and cofactor dependence in serum antiphospholipid antibodies from patients with human parvovirus B19 infection and from those with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To assess the phospholipid specificity and immunoglobulin isotype of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies in patients with acute parvovirus B19 infection. METHODS: Specificity of aPL and isotype distribution in the negatively charged phospholipids, cardiolipin and phosphatidyl serine, and in the neutral phospholipid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, were measured in the sera of patients with acute parvovirus B19 infections (n = 12), in those with other acute viral infections (n = 10), and in those with syphilis (n = 15) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The dependence of anticardiolipin (aCL) binding on the presence of beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta 2-GPI) as a binding cofactor was assessed in these same groups, and was compared with sera from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients (n = 11) with raised aCL antibody reactivity. RESULTS: Antibodies against any of the 3 phospholipids were found in all 3 groups of patients with infections (B19 in 11 of 12 patients, other viral infections in 8 of 10 patients, and syphilis in 14 of 15 patients). B19 patients' sera contained predominantly IgG antibodies against the negatively charged phospholipids, cardiolipin and phosphatidyl serine, and differed in their specificity and isotype distribution from those found in the other 2 patient groups. B19-associated aCL increased their binding to antigen in the presence of beta 2-GPI as a binding cofactor, similar to aCL found in SLE patients, but unlike antibodies from patients with other viral infections or from those with syphilis. CONCLUSION: The results show the remarkable similarity in specificity of aPL antibodies between B19-infected patients and SLE patients, and raise the question of whether parvovirus infection may be a trigger for the development of aPL antibodies in autoimmune diseases