French historiography of the Crimean war (1853-1856): main trends and tendencies

This article is devoted to the study of the French historiographical tradition of studying the Crimean war. Due to the fact that the French historiography of the Crimean campaign has differences from the Russian or Anglo-Saxon, it is interesting to turn to the study of the features that are characteristic for the works of French historians. One of the key theses of this article is the statement of the following situation in French historical science: since the second half of the 19th century the Crimean war was studied in the framework of studies on the history - of the Second Empire. In the late twentieth century the scientific tradition has undergone certain changes, as a result of which the events of 1853-1856 became the subject of separate studies on the military history of France and historical anthropology. This feature influenced the perception of the war in French public opinion and the scientific community and led to the differentiation of certain problems and subjects directly related to the history of the Crimean war. The study of French historiography allows us to determine the themes that prevailed in the scientific thought of France during the second half of the 19th - 20th centuries, as well as those trends that are currently key in discussing the prerequisites, the nature, the results of the military campaign of 1853-1856. The authors conclude that the scientific and possibly public interest in the Crimean war in France is much lower than in Russia. The events of 1853-1856, largely overshadowed by the discussions and memory of the First World war, gradually turn into a little-known period of French history. However, the jubilee years associated with the Crimean war and the siege of Sevastopol are an important point that allows us to revisit the study of both the military campaign and diplomacy, and in general the history of Russian-French relations

CHOLERA IN THE FRENCH ARMY IN THE CRIMEA 1854-1855

Epidemic diseases during military campaigns were a traditional feature of the wars of the past. Sometimes epidemics, coupled with the protracted nature of the war, with a low degree of training of supply services and a low level of medicine, had an impact on the course of the military campaign, contributed to the weakening of the morale of soldiers, increased non-combat losses. One of the similar epidemics that broke out at the front was the cholera epidemic in the Crimea in 1854-1856. This article is devoted to the study of the spread of cholera in the French troops during the Crimean campaign of 1854-1855, which was called the "cruel winter", including due to losses as a result of an increase in the incidence among the military. Based on the study of personal sources - memoirs, letters, notes of the military-the authors analyze the process of the spread of cholera in the troops, the structure of the medical service and hospitals, and, most importantly, the attitude of soldiers and officers to the epidemic, death from the disease. Following the historical and anthropological approach to the reconstruction of the events of the Crimean campaign, the authors seek to determine to what extent the cholera epidemic affected the fighting qualities and moral attitudes of the French, as well as the image of the war in the French public consciousness. The authors found that the non-combat losses of France in the Crimea were largely the reason for the decline in the morale of the military, a trend that was reflected in the memoir literature, as well as in the letters and diaries of officers and soldiers. This area of research allows us to expand the conceptual framework of scientifi research related to military anthropology, reconstruct the psychological aspects of war, as well as the views of direct participants about events and everyday life at the front

Multilayer perceptron with local constraint as an emerging method in spatial data analysis

The use of Geographic Information Systems has revolutionalized the handling and the visualization of geo-referenced data and has underlined the critic role of spatial analysis. The usual tools for such a purpose are geostatistics which are widely used in Earth science. Geostatistics are based upon several hypothesis which are not always verified in practice. On the other hand, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) a priori can be used without special assumptions and are known to be flexible. This paper proposes to discuss the application of ANN in the case of the interpolation of a geo-referenced variable

Organe de conversion numerique symbolique pour la classification temps reel de signaux acoustiques en acoustique sous-marine a l'aide d'une architecture neuronique a deux etages Missions de l'IRIAC a l'etranger

Available at INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : AR 14271 (1); AR 14271 (2); AR 14271 (3); AR 14271 (4) / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueSIGLEFRFranc