Population genetics analysis of Garlic virus A, Garlic virus B, Garlic virus C and Garlic virus X

Garlic virus A (GarV-A), Garlic virus B (GarV-B), Garlic virus C (GarV-C) and Garlic virus X (GarV-X) are members of the genus Allexivirus in the family Alphaflexiviridae. In this study, we collected 10, 30, 10 and 14 isolates of GarV-A, GarV-B, GarV-C and GarV-X, respectively, from different parts of Poland. All sequences of coat protein (CP) and nucleic-acid binding protein (NABP) regions of Allexivirus isolates available in GenBank were also included in this study. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences identities within each population differed substantially depending on the region of the genome and virus species. The results of selection pressure analysis showed that populations of each Allexivirus underwent negative selection, but the extent of the negative selection varied. It was also concluded that the GarV-A and GarV-C populations underwent a decrease in population size or balancing selection, while the GarV-B and GarV-X populations underwent an increase in population size. It was concluded that both populations of GarV-X evolved independently in each respective area, in contrast to populations of GarV-A, GarV-B and GarV-C

Biomechanics of Elastic Resistance in Therapeutic Exercise Programs

Resistive materials in the form of elastic bands and tubing are inexpensive and highly versatile tools that are often used in therapeutic exercise programs. Companies that manufacture elastic bands and tubing provide a line of products that cover a wide range of resistance levels, which are typically distinguished by color. Theoretically, the spectrum of resistance levels makes it possible for rehabilitation personnel to give a patient the band or tubing that best corresponds to the suitable degree of exercise resistance for that patient. Unlike a set of clearly labeled hand-held weights, however, elastic bands and tubing provide no quantitative information on their actual or relative resistance. Therefore, the selection and progression of resistance levels when elastic bands or tubing are used is relatively subjective and often is dependent upon the perceived effort of the patient. To our knowledge, only 2 of the several manufacturers of elastic bands and tubing used in rehabilitation (The Hygenic Corporation, Akron, OH, and Lifeline International, Inc, Madison, WI), provide users with information (limited) on the physical characteristics of their elastic material. The goals of our report were to establish the stress-strain relationship of representative samples of elastic bands and tubing used in the clinical setting, establish the fatigue characteristics of representative samples of elastic bands and tubing, and increase the awareness of rehabilitation professionals of the kinesiological concepts of resistive exercises, especially as they relate to the use of elastic-type resistive material