Removing Toxic Dyes from Aqueous Medium by Trichoderma-Graphain Oxide Aerogel

عادة ما يتم تصريف الأصباغ السامة الى مياه الصرف الصحي اذ تستخدم الأصباغ على نطاق واسع في صناعة النسيج ، لذلك من الضروري إيجاد طريقة فعالة وصديقة للبيئة لمعالجة مياه الصرف الناتجة عن النفايات الصناعية السائلة.. لتحقيق هذا الهدف انجزت هذه الدراسة وذلك بتوظيف الفطر ترايكودرما بطريقتين الأولى عبارة عن كريات فطرية نامية  في الوسط المغذي  (Czapek – Dox ) الصلب وامتزاز الصبغيتن الكريستال البنفسجي ، أحمر الكونغو ، باستخدام التركيز  0.06،0.05،0.04،0.03،0.02،0.01  لكليهما و الرقم الهيدروجيني = 2 ، درجة حرارة الغرفة ، مع الهزاز للفترات( 2 ساعة و 4 ساعات و 24 ساعة ) من الزمن . تم قياس تركيز الصبغة بواسطة طيف الأشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئي. حيث كانت كفاءة الإزالة  بواسطة فطر ال Trichoderma sp. في التركيز  0,05 لصبغة الكريستال البنفسجي هو 96% ،ولكن لا يوجد إزالة لصبغة  احمر الكونغو. اما الخط الثاني كانت بدمج خيوط الفطريات إلى جل نقي وحر من أوكسيد الجرافين لزيادة كفاءة الامتزاز. إزالة اللون من محلول الأصباغ السامة بواسطة الكشف عن الامتزاز بواسطه طيف الأشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئية وتحليل فحص المجهري الإلكتروني للكشف عن امتزاز الصبغة على سطح الخيوط الفطرية. وبعد معاملة  (صبغة الكريستال البنفسجي ) بـ 20 ملغم من جل الفطريات -لاوكسيد الجرافين  في ظروف pH = 2 ، بدرجة حرارة الغرفة  مع الهزاز للفترات ( 2 ساعة و 4 ساعات و 24 ساعة )  من الزمن ، زادت نسبة كفاءة الإزالة للكريستال البنفسجي مع زيادة تراكيز الصبغة حتى الوصول إلى الحد الأقصى لنسبة الإزالة 97٪ في الساعة 4 في تركيز 0.05 ملغم / لتر ، وزادت الكفاءة  في التراكيز الأخرى.. على النقيض من احمر الكونغو  اذ لم تتم إزالة اللون في أي تركيز خلال وقت المعالجة لأن سطح احمر الكونغو تحمل شحنات سالبة وإيجابية ويحدث جذبًا إلكتروستاتيكيًا ، وبالتالي قل  الامتزاز ولم تحدث في تراكيز منها. يمكن استخدام الفطر ترايكودرما في الإزالة الانتقائية للأصباغ الأساسية ويمكن استخدامها لإزالة الأصباغ من النفايات السائله الصناعية.Toxic dyes are commonly discharged into waste waters and dyes are extensively used in the textile industry so it is necessary to find out efficient and eco-friendly method for treating waste waters resulting from industrial effluences. To achieve this aim the fungus Trichoderma sp. is employed into two lines: first line was self – immobilized fungal pellets in (Czapek – Dox medium) to adsorbs two dyes crystal violet, congo red by concentrations 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 mg/L to both dyes, PH 2, room temperature with shaker in ( hrs.2,hrs.4,hrs.24) , by Uv- Visible spectrum . the removal efficiency of 0.05 mg/L crystal violet by Trichoderma sp was 96%. but there was no removal by congo red. The second line was immobilizing fungal mycelium to Graphain oxide free – standing aerogel to increase efficiency of adsorption. The decolorization of toxic dyes solution was detected by the change in the adsorption Uv- Visible spectrum and scanning microscopy analysis which revealed that there was dye adsorption on fungal mycelium surface. After treatment of crystal violet with 20 mg Graphain oxide -fungi aerogel in the condition PH 2, room temperature with shaker in time (hrs.2 ,hrs.4 , hrs.24 ) removal percentage to crystal violet was increasing with to raise concentrations the dye crystal violet until reaching the maximum removal percentage 97% in hrs.4 in 0.05mg/L concentrate , and it increased the efficiency of other concentrations . In contrast, according to congo red there was no color removal in any concentration within treatment time since congo red surface carries both negative and positive charges and causes electrostatic attraction, therefor, the adsorption reduced or does not occur.Trichoderma sp. is considered a selective  removal to basic dyes and could be employed to remove dyes from industrial effluents.  

Study the Changes of Thyroid Hormones Levels Following Major Urological Surgery

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of major surgery on thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in patient undergoing major lower abdominal surgery. The study included fifty patients scheduled for elective major lower abdominal surgery, the serum levels of T3, T4 and TSH were determined one day preoperatively, intraoperative, one day postoperatively, two days postoperatively, and rT3 was determined one day preoperatively, and one day postoperatively. We observed that the levels of (T3, T4, TSH) increased significantly (P0.05). rT3 increased not significant (P>0.05) in one day postoperatively. It has been proposed these changes due to surgical stress that inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 by inhibiting peripheral 5'-deiodinase activity, also The absence of pituitary response to changes in serum levels of T3 and T4.According to the results of this study there is a transient abnormality in thyroid function tests in patient undergoing elective major surgery and this abnormality due to surgical stress

Water use vs. socio-economic factors in a water stressed urban area having economic affluence

The paper presents household water-use data collected from a water use survey in an urban area located in a water stressed region in the Middle East. The purpose of the survey was to investigate the effect and relationships of water shortage, economic effluence and socioeconomic attributes of house holds on per capita water use in the area. Results indicated wide variation of water uses in smaller districts of the urban area. In small areas socioeconomic factors are significantly related to per capita water use. However, when total urban area is considered, same set of factors do not show any meaningful relationship to per capita water use. Water use in summer is about 2-6 times more than that in winter. Over all per capita water use in the area is recorded to be one the highest in the world

Techno-Economic Feasibility to Generate Electricity by Using PSO Technique for the Urban City in Iraq: Case Study

For developing nations such as Iraq, electricity access in rural areas, especially those which are remote, is limited. Thus, the present study explores the electrical needs of the city of Zerbattiya, Iraq. The proposed system’s components include solar panels, wind turbines, diesel generators, and batteries. This research proposes a techno-economically feasible and optimal sizing for each component to generate electricity for the village. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used in this research by using MATLAB. The ideal setting of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is achieved by considering the lowest possible COE with the highest reliability and possible value of renewable energy factors. Reliability is gauged on the basis of “loss of power supply probability†(LPSP). Results showed that the respective optimal values for NPV (30), NWT (30), NDG (3), NBT (281), COE (US$0.142), LPSP (0.002085), reliability (99.791) and renewable factors (21.42%). The findings further demonstrate that the algorithm was able to achieve optimal solutions to reduce overall cost, quickly and accurately. In conclusion, implementation of HRES was found to be an apt method of meeting electrical needs of remote rural areas, not only in Iraq, but also other developing nations with similar climates

Risk Indicators for Tooth Loss Due to Periodontal Disease

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142117/1/jper1910.pd

The efficiency of biosynthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles by Fusarium sp. against Saprolegnia parasitica isolated from common carp eggs in fish hatchery

Saprolegnia spp. infect common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) eggs in hatcheries. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effect of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnNPs) against Saprolegnia spp. as an eco-friendly treatment. Biosynthesized ZnNPs were characterized using atomic force microscope (AFM), size distributor and Ultra Violate-Visible spectrometer (Uv-Vis), and Scanning   Electron Microscope (SEM). Biosynthesized (ZnNPs) had a spherical shape with diameters ranging 10-70 nm. Antifungal activity was tested by fungal radial growth inhibition on corn meal agar. The highest concentration of 100 ppm of ZnNPs showed a remarkable inhibition rate of 79% against Saprolegnia spp., demonstrating similar efficiency as the positive control i.e. malachite green in the inhibition percentage rate of fungal growth. This study showed that biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles had a significant antifungal effect (P<0.05) and can be used as an alternative option to control Saprolegnia spp. in fish hatcheries

Synthesis and Study of the Structural and Electrical Conductivity for Nanocrystalline PbS Thin Films

Structural and electrical properties of prepared nanocrystalline lead sulfide thin films were studied which deposited on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniques. The films were obtained in a reaction bath at times of (15, 30, 45,60and90) min. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements confirmed that the thin films grown by this technique had good crystalline cubic structures and homogeneous surfaces. The dc electrical conductivity found in the range of 10-6 -10-5 (Ω.cm)-1