4 research outputs found
Impact of particular Cardiovascular Risk Factors and their combination on Carotid-Intima-Media-Thickness (CIMT) and Development of Reference Values among Healthy Adults â Findings from the STAAB cohort study
Primary prevention in cardiovascular diseases is becoming more and more important as they are still the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Many cardiovascular events may even occur in clinically asymptomatic patients. The atherosclerosis as underlying pathogenesis is increasingly well understood and risk factors with a harmful influence are identified. However, by measuring the carotid-intima-media-thickness (CIMT) via B-mode ultrasound there is a widely accepted, safe, noninvasive, sensitive and reproducible technique to assess subclinical vascular diseases. The CIMT is established as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis and its increase is associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. The basic prerequisite for further risk stratification, according to the level of arteriosclerosis represented by the CIMT, is to define gender-, age- and region-specific reference values. The latest version of the international guidelines for cardiovascular risk prediction do no longer recommend the use of CIMT for cardiovascular risk prediction in the general population. This may be attributed to the fact, that the experts refer to studies in which only the measurement of a single segment was considered. Thus the aim of the present study was to assess a potential segment-specific impact of particular cardiovascular risk factors on the CIMT. Furthermore the goal was to evaluate the relevance of the existing models for risk prediction and to discuss the current recommendations for the use of CIMT. Additionally, reference values were developed from data of a representative group of the general population of WĂŒrzburg and the reproducibility of the data collection was examined.
Subjects derived from the population-based STAAB (Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure Stages A-B and Determinants of Progression) cohort study, that included people of the general population of WĂŒrzburg aged 30 to 79 years [12]. CIMT was measured on the far wall of both sides in three different predefined locations: common carotid artery (CCA), bulb, and internal carotid artery (ICA). Diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking and obesity were considered as risk factors. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, odds ratios of risk factors per location were estimated for the endpoint of individual age- and sex-adjusted 75th percentile of CIMT. These thresholds were derived from the standard values of the general population. An apparently healthy subpopulation was formed to generate these reference values, which consists only of people that did not exhibit any of the above mentioned risk factors or manifest cardiovascular diseases. 2492 subjects were included in the analysis. Segment-specific CIMT was highest in the bulb, followed by CCA, and lowest in the ICA. The reproducibility between the investigators was overall weaker than in comparable studies, therefore a potential improvement of the training protocol for inexperienced persons was assumed. Moreover, the results of the reproducibility analysis illustrate the need for a standardized, internationally recognized protocol for the training of CIMT investigators and an exact measurement protocol. The reference values of the apparently healthy population were consistent with values from other authors collected in a comparable way and formed the basis for further investigations. CIMT increases with age and independently with the number of risk factors. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking were associated with higher CIMT, but diabetes and obesity were not (OR (95% CI) between 1.28 (0.98 - 1.65), ACC, and 1.86 (1.53 - 2.27), bulb). We observed no segment-specific association between the three different locations and risk factors, except for a possible interaction between smoking and ICA. As no segment-specific association between cardiovascular risk factors and CIMT became evident, one simple measurement of one location may suffice to assess the cardiovascular risk of an individual. In addition, the identified risk factors are reflected in the current models for risk prediction and prevention, so that the added value of the use of CIMT in the general population loses importance.KardiovaskulĂ€re Erkrankungen sind unverĂ€ndert die hĂ€ufigste Ursache fĂŒr MorbiditĂ€t und MortalitĂ€t in den Industrienationen [1]. Die RisikoprĂ€diktion und -prĂ€vention dieser Erkrankungen ist von groĂer Bedeutung, unter anderem deswegen weil primĂ€re Ereignisse bei bis dato asymptomatischen Personen auftreten können [2]. Die zugrundeliegende Pathogenese, die Arteriosklerose, ist immer besser erforscht und zugleich sind Risikofaktoren identifiziert, die einen schĂ€dlichen Einfluss haben [3, 4]. Durch die Messung der Karotis-Intima-Media-Dicke (Carotid-Intima-Media-Thickness, CIMT) mittels B-Mode Ultraschall steht eine weit verbreitete, sichere und anerkannte Methode zur VerfĂŒgung, mit der bereits subklinische Formen der Arteriosklerose erfasst werden können [5]. Die CIMT ist als Surrogatparameter fĂŒr eine generalisierte Arteriosklerose im gesamten GefĂ€Ăsystem etabliert und ihre Zunahme wird mit dem Vorliegen von kardiovaskulĂ€ren Risikofaktoren assoziiert [6-8]. In der RisikoprĂ€diktion mit Hilfe der CIMT bilden geschlechts-, alters- und regionalspezifische Normwerte die Basis [5]. Die aktuellen internationalen Leitlinien empfehlen in ihren neusten Fassungen, nicht mehr die CIMT zur kardiovaskulĂ€ren RisikoprĂ€diktion in der Allgemeinbevölkerung einzusetzen [1, 9]. Die Experten berufen sich auf Studien, in denen lediglich ein singulĂ€res Messsegment betrachtet wurde [1, 9-11]. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es den Einfluss spezifischer kardiovaskulĂ€rer Risikofaktoren auf die verschiedenen Segmente der A. carotis zu erfassen und â davon ausgehend â den Stellenwert der vorhandenen Modelle zur RisikoprĂ€diktion zu evaluieren. Des Weiteren wurden Normwerte aus einer reprĂ€sentativen Gruppe der WĂŒrzburger Allgemeinbevölkerung gebildet und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ultraschalluntersuchung im Bereich der Halsschlagader ĂŒberprĂŒft.
Den Berechnungen liegen Daten der STAAB-Kohortenstudie (HĂ€ufigkeit und Einflussfaktoren auf frĂŒhe STAdien A und B der Herzinsuffizienz in der Bevölkerung) zugrunde, einer groĂe Bevölkerungsstudie, die seit 2015 Daten der WĂŒrzburger Bevölkerung erhebt [12]. Es wurden Probanden zwischen mit einem Alter zwischen 30 und 79 Jahren eingeschlossen. Die CIMT wurde auf beiden Seiten des Halses auf der schallkopffernen Seite an drei vorab definierten Lokalisationen des GefĂ€Ăes, der A. carotis communis (ACC), dem Bulbus und der A. carotis interna (ACI), vermessen. Es wurden die fĂŒnf Risikofaktoren Diabetes mellitus, DyslipidĂ€mie, Hypertonie, Rauchen und Ăbergewicht berĂŒcksichtigt. Mittels einer logistischen Regression wurde der spezifische Einfluss dieser Faktoren auf die individuelle, alters- und geschlechtsbasierte 75. Perzentile der CIMT in den einzelnen Lokalisationen betrachtet. Diese Grenzwerte stammten aus den eigens erstellten Normwerten fĂŒr die Allgemeinbevölkerung. Es wurde eine âgesundeâ Subpopulation zur Erstellung dieser Normwerte gebildet, die keine der oben genannten Risikofaktoren sowie keine manifesten kardiovaskulĂ€ren Erkrankungen aufwiesen.
Die Auswertung umfasste die Daten von insgesamt 2492 Probanden. Die segmentspezifische CIMT war am gröĂten im Bereich Bulbus, gefolgt von der ACC und der ACI. MĂ€nner hatten höhere Wanddickenwerte und mehr Risikofaktoren als Frauen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit zwischen den einzelnen Untersuchern war insgesamt moderat bis stark. Im Vergleich zu anderen Studien zeigte sich jedoch insgesamt eine schwĂ€chere Ăbereinstimmung, so dass von einer potentiellen Verbesserung des Schulungsprotokolls fĂŒr unerfahrene Personen ausgegangen wird. Die Ergebnisse der Reproduzierbarkeitsanalyse verdeutlichen den Bedarf eines standardisierten, international anerkannten Protokolls zur Schulung von Untersuchern der CIMT und eines exakten Messprotokolls [5, 13]. Die erhobenen Normwerte der âGesundenâ zeigten eine Konsistenz mit verschiedenen, auf vergleichbare Weise erhobenen Werten und bildeten die Basis fĂŒr die weiteren Untersuchungen. Die CIMT nahm mit dem Alter und â unabhĂ€ngig davon â ebenfalls mit der Anzahl an Risikofaktoren zu. Die Faktoren DyslipidĂ€mie, Rauchen und Hypertonie hatten einen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss fĂŒr das Ăberschreiten des Grenzwertes der 75. Perzentile (OR (95 % KI) zwischen 1,28 (0,98 â 1,65), ACC, und 1,86 (1,53 â 2,27), Bulbus) [14]. Die Faktoren Diabetes mellitus und Ăbergewicht zeigten im verwendeten Modell keinen Effekt auf die CIMT. Insgesamt konnte, bis auf eine mögliche Interaktion zwischen dem Risikofaktor Rauchen und der ACI, kein segmentspezifischer Effekt beobachtet werden [14]. Daraus resultierend wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass zur Erfassung des kardiovaskulĂ€ren Risikos einer Person die Messung eines singulĂ€ren Segments möglicherweise ausreicht [14]. Dies stĂ€rkt die neusten Empfehlungen der Leitlinien, die sich auf Studien berufen, welche eben nur ein Segment betrachteten. Die identifizierten Risikofaktoren spiegeln sich darĂŒber hinaus in den gĂ€ngigen Modellen zur RisikoprĂ€diktion und -prĂ€vention wider. Demnach gerĂ€t der Einsatz der CIMT zur Bestimmung des individuellen Risikos von Personen der Allgemeinbevölkerung in den Hintergrund [15]
Segment-specific association of carotid-intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors - Findings from the STAAB cohort study
Background: The guideline recommendation to not measure carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) for cardiovascular risk prediction is based on the assessment of just one single carotid segment. We evaluated whether there is a segment-specific association between different measurement locations of CIMT and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Subjects from the population-based STAAB cohort study comprising subjects aged 30 to 79 years of the general population from WĂŒrzburg, Germany, were investigated. CIMT was measured on the far wall of both sides in three different predefined locations: common carotid artery (CCA), bulb, and internal carotid artery (ICA). Diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and obesity were considered as risk factors. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, odds ratios of risk factors per location were estimated for the endpoint of individual age- and sex-adjusted 75th percentile of CIMT. Results: 2492 subjects were included in the analysis. Segment-specific CIMT was highest in the bulb, followed by CCA, and lowest in the ICA. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking were associated with CIMT, but not diabetes and obesity. We observed no relevant segment-specific association between the three different locations and risk factors, except for a possible interaction between smoking and ICA. Conclusions: As no segment-specific association between cardiovascular risk factors and CIMT became evident, one simple measurement of one location may suffice to assess the cardiovascular risk of an individual
Segment-specific association of carotid-intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors â findings from the STAAB cohort study
Background
The guideline recommendation to not measure carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) for cardiovascular risk prediction is based on the assessment of just one single carotid segment. We evaluated whether there is a segment-specific association between different measurement locations of CIMT and cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods
Subjects from the population-based STAAB cohort study comprising subjects aged 30 to 79âyears of the general population from WĂŒrzburg, Germany, were investigated. CIMT was measured on the far wall of both sides in three different predefined locations: common carotid artery (CCA), bulb, and internal carotid artery (ICA). Diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and obesity were considered as risk factors. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, odds ratios of risk factors per location were estimated for the endpoint of individual age- and sex-adjusted 75th percentile of CIMT.
Results
2492 subjects were included in the analysis. Segment-specific CIMT was highest in the bulb, followed by CCA, and lowest in the ICA. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking were associated with CIMT, but not diabetes and obesity. We observed no relevant segment-specific association between the three different locations and risk factors, except for a possible interaction between smoking and ICA.
Conclusions
As no segment-specific association between cardiovascular risk factors and CIMT became evident, one simple measurement of one location may suffice to assess the cardiovascular risk of an individual
Functional versus morphological assessment of vascular age in patients with coronary heart disease
Communicating cardiovascular risk based on individual vascular age (VA) is a well acknowledged concept in patient education and disease prevention. VA may be derived functionally, e.g. by measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV), or morphologically, e.g. by assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether both approaches produce similar results. Within the context of the German subset of the EUROASPIRE IV survey, 501 patients with coronary heart disease underwent (a) oscillometric PWV measurement at the aortic, carotid-femoral and brachial-ankle site (PWVao, PWVcf, PWVba) and derivation of the aortic augmentation index (AIao); (b) bilateral cIMT assessment by high-resolution ultrasound at three sites (common, bulb, internal). Respective VA was calculated using published equations. According to VA derived from PWV, most patients exhibited values below chronological age indicating a counterintuitive healthier-than-anticipated vascular status: for VA(PWVao) in 68% of patients; for VA in 52% of patients. By contrast, VA derived from cIMT delivered opposite results: e.g. according to VA accelerated vascular aging in 75% of patients. To strengthen the concept of VA, further efforts are needed to better standardise the current approaches to estimate VA and, thereby, to improve comparability and clinical utility