Single bubble deformation and breakup in simple shear flow

Experiments in a parallel band apparatus and a transparent concentric cylinder device allow the observation of bubble deformation (shape and orientation) and breakup as a function of the viscosity ratio λ and the Capillary number Ca. For viscosity ratios between 3.1×10−7 and 6.7×10−8, critical Capillary numbers Ca c for bubble breakup between 29 and 45 are found. It is furthermore shown that in the given parameter space no clear distinction between tip breakup and fracture can be made for bubble

Fortification of rice: technologies and nutrients

This article provides a comprehensive review of the currently available technologies for vitamin and mineral rice fortification. It covers currently used technologies, such as coating, dusting, and the various extrusion technologies, with the main focus being on cold, warm, and hot extrusion technologies, including process flow, required facilities, and sizes of operation. The advantages and disadvantages of the various processing methods are covered, including a discussion on micronutrients with respect to their technical feasibility during processing, storage, washing, and various cooking methods and their physiological importance. The microstructure of fortified rice kernels and their properties, such as visual appearance, sensory perception, and the impact of different micronutrient formulations, are discussed. Finally, the article covers recommendations for quality control and provides a summary of clinical trials

Single bubble deformation and breakup in simple shear flow

ISSN:0723-4864ISSN:1432-111

Inactivation of microorganisms on granular materials : reduction of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens endospores on wheat grains in a low pressure plasma circulating fluidized bed reactor

Cereal grains can contain high bacterial loads so that a microbial reduction step is desired. Therefore, a low pressure circulating fluidized bed reactor for the treatment of granular materials was constructed, and an argon/oxygen plasma was ignited in the riser tube by an inductively coupled RF-source. With this setup, the viability of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens endospores, artificially deposited on wheat grains, could be reduced by over two logarithmic units within 30 s of effective treatment time. In addition, the influence of plasma power input and variation in oxygen gas admixture was studied. Based on energy influx measurements and the solution of the heat equation, a thermal inactivation effect and the thermal degradation of wheat grains could be excluded. No negative effects of plasma treatment on wheat grain properties were detected in flour and dough analyses