Dichloridobis(di-tert-butylmethylphosphine oxide-[kappa]O)diphenyltin(IV)

The complete molecule of the title compound, [Sn(C6H5)2Cl2(C9H21OP)2], is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry, the Sn atom is located on a special position of site symmetry \overline{1}. The Sn atom adopts an all-trans SnC2O2Cl2 octahedral geometry. As a consequence of the bulky substituents at the O atom, the P-O-Sn bond angle is 163.9 (3)°. Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 173 K; mean σ(C–C) = 0.012 Å; R factor = 0.058; wR factor = 0.099; data-to-parameter ratio = 18.6

Soft Mobility Towards Ecological Sustainability in Lisbon Metropolitan Area – case study of Almada Municipality

Automobile traffic congestion and air pollution in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA), an area with close to 2.8 million people, has increased dramatically in the last 30 years as a result of suburban sprawl. The sheer size peri-urban areas have reached lends itself to urban politics and subsidized rents, an issue that has not yet been resolved due to lack of political will. This has driven down rental prices of old leases, accompanied by the degradation of buildings located in the city’s historic centre, and has also resulted in very high pricing of current leases inaccessible to most citizens. This is the way in which the peri-urban areas have grown, much like in many Western cities that have absorbed the rural exodus. Peri-urban areas also offer lower rents and housing prices than what historic centres offer. However, this growth has not been accompanied by a plan that accounts for the supply of transportation infrastructure and other public facilities or by relevant policies for the decentralization of employment. The relocation of various services, in addition to office locations, from the inner city to periurban areas increased inefficiency in regards to transportation and automobile use with serious consequences for public transportation. For example, in 1998 LMA residents completed 4.9 million daily commutes to or from Lisbon of which 24% were on foot and 76% by motorized transportation. Of the motorized commutes, 57% were Individual Transports (IT); 36% were Collective Transports (CT); while 7% were a combination of both (DGTT, 2000). Of the European Union-15 group members (the number of EU members prior to 2004), Portugal has the fastest-growing greenhouse emissions, with 40.5% in 2002 and 49% in 2010, rather than 27% mandated by the Kyoto Protocol. As a consequence, Portugal is facing a punitive fine in excess of 1.5 thousand million Euros for not complying with the emissions quota (REA, 2005). In October of 2012, the European Union Court of Justice declared that from 2005 to 2007, the Portuguese Republic did not meet the limit values established in Article 13 of Directive 2008/50/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council on the 21st of May, 2008 regarding the quality of ambient air and cleaner air in Europe. All these factors have resulted in suburbs where individuals are responsible for their own transportation, spending much of their time commuting to and from work and home, in addition to household budgets with a high incident of transportation costs. Europe has already proved that augmenting road and highway infrastructures only leads to more automobile traffic congestion, thereby demonstrating the need to find new models of mobility (Export Group on the Urban Environment, 1996) Containing clearly demarcated urban areas is one of the processes used to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution, among other benefits. Another process is the development of a multi-modal transportation system in which Soft Mobility plays an important role. It is implicit that transport actors include all means of transportation, not excluding the pedestrian and the bicyclist. Cycling is the fastest mode of transportation in short distances up to 3 kilometres (Dekoster and Schollaert, 2000), which means greater adjustability when connecting to public transportation interfaces. The current lack of accessibility to transportation interfaces is considered to be a factor in the decision individuals make to use automobiles (Lowe, 1990). Addressing this particular aspect calls for the creation of more cycling paths linked to public transportation systems, in addition to improving the security and comfort of bicycle parking facilities. As much as possible, cycling paths should be integrated with ecological structures, thereby raising the standard of environmental quality. This concept is true at local and municipal levels and on a regional scale. This article addresses this concept, showing the overall planning of projects with different types of Soft Mobility structures in various situations, from the restoration of old railroad lines to urban cycling networks with the underlying assumption of a mutually advantageous association between both mobility and ecological structures

Ertragsleistung und dendrochronologische Untersuchungen von Douglasien-Provenienzen in ausgewählten ostdeutschen Bundesländern

Die Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Wachstum der fremdländischen Baumart Douglasie und deren Reaktionsvariabilität auf verschiedene Witterungsvariablen in ausgewählten ostdeutschen Bundesländern (Sachsen, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Dazu werden im ersten Abschnitt langfristige echte Wachstums-Zeitreihen (ca. 55 Jahre, IUFRO-Versuche) verschiedener Douglasien-Provenienzen auf drei Standorten in den ostdeutschen Bundesländern mit ertragskundlichen Kenngrößen ausgewertet. Zusätzlich werden die Strukturen und das Wachstum von einigen Douglasien-Altbeständen und Douglasien-Naturverjüngung analysiert. Der zweite Abschnitt enthält dendrochronologische Untersuchungen zur Douglasie. Im Zentrum steht der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Radialzuwachs von Douglasien-Provenienzen und den Witterungsvariablen (Temperatur, Niederschlag). Ergänzend werden Weiserjahre der Douglasie mit verschiedenen Methoden identifiziert, um spezifische Reaktionsmuster der Douglasie erkennen und darauf aufbauend Anbau- und Handlungsempfehlungen für die ostdeutschen Bundesländer ableiten zu können.:1. Einleitung 2. Stand des Wissens zur Douglasie 3. Abschnitt I: Wachstum der Douglasie in ausgewählten ostdeutschen Bundesländern 4. Abschnitt II: Dendrochronologische Untersuchungen von Douglasien-Provenienzen 5. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und Bewertung der Anbaurisiken 6. Schlussbetrachtung und Ausblic

Adherence to treatment in adolescents with haemophilia : a qualitative study

Adolescents experience important changes in their physical, emotional, social and behavioural development. It is known that adolescents wish to be accepted by their peers, strive for independence and are prone to experiment. The challenge for adolescents with haemophilia is the need for taking responsibility for managing their illness and learning to comply with recommended treatment. This study aimed to investigate the process of adherence to treatment in adolescents with haemophilia

Private funding and its dangers to academia: an experience in Switzerland

Academic freedom, a deep-rooted right in the Swiss Constitution, is in danger. Private sponsorship agreements, covertly negotiated between university administrations and big companies, are becoming increasingly vital for the finances of Swiss universities. Federal and cantonal governments foster this development by imposing austerity measures on the one hand, and by rewarding growth in private third-party funding with additional federal subsidies

Repensando a competência cultural nas práticas de saúde no Brasil: por um cuidado culturalmente sensível

O planejamento e a implementação de políticas e práticas de saúde em países com sistemas orientados para a Atenção Primária em Saúde devem reconhecer e manejar as questões de desigualdade social em saúde que interferem no cuidado integral e equânime. Uma estratégia amplamente defendida para detectar e lidar com tais desafios é a noção de competência cultural (CC). Neste artigo, apresentaremos a noção de CC, suas críticas e alternativas teórico-práticas e, em seguida, uma revisão narrativa dessa noção em publicações brasileiras relacionadas à assistência em saúde na Estratégia Saúde da Família. O reconhecimento da diversidade sociocultural no planejamento de intervenções em saúde no Brasil é fundamental, dado que se trata de um país extremamente diverso, cujo sistema de saúde é organizado a partir das premissas da Reforma Sanitária, mas que, ainda assim, apresenta importantes iniquidades. Argumentamos que a inclusão e a negociação das diferenças socioculturais nas práticas de saúde se beneficiariam da observação do contexto histórico-social e da reflexão acerca das experiências brasileiras de assistência em saúde e das práticas cotidianas de cuidado utilizadas nas comunidades.Planning and implementing health policies and practices in countries with Primary Health Care-oriented systems must recognize and manage social inequality issues in health, which hinder comprehensive and equitable care. A widely advocated strategy for detecting and dealing with such challenges is the notion of cultural competence (CC). In this article, we will present the notion of CC, its criticisms, and theoretical-practical alternatives and, then, a narrative review of Brazilian publications related to healthcare in the Family Health Strategy. Recognizing sociocultural diversity in planning health interventions in Brazil is essential, given that it is an extremely diverse country, whose health system is organized on the premises of the Health Reform but that presents important inequities still. We argue that the inclusion and the negotiation of sociocultural differences in health practices would benefit from the observation of the social-historical context and the reflection on the Brazilian health care experiences and the everyday care practices within the communities

Station coordinates from LLR analysis as contribution to the next ITRF

Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) wird seit mehr als 43 Jahren durchgeführt. Der vorhandene Datensatz wird in einer kleinsten-Quadrate-Ausgleichung analysiert, um verschiedene Parameter des Erde-Mond-Systems zu bestimmen, z.B. den Mondorbit, die Erdorientierungsparameter, die Koordinaten der Retro-Reflektoren auf der Mondoberfläche und die Stationskoordinaten auf der Erde. Nun wurde die Analyse der LLR-Daten so modifiziert, dass die ermittelten Stationskoordinaten in einer Kombination für das nächste ITRF verwendet werden können. Hier werden erste Ergebnisse vorgestellt, wie gut die aus LLR bestimmten Koordinaten zur Lösung des DTRF2008 passen

Efficient and Practical Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by a Simple Bidentate Mn−NHC Complex

Catalytic reductions of carbonyl‐containing compounds are highly important for the safe, sustainable, and economical production of alcohols. Herein, we report on the efficient transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by a highly potent Mn(I)−NHC complex. Mn−NHC 1 is practical at metal concentrations as low as 75 ppm, thus approaching loadings more conventionally reserved for noble metal based systems. With these low Mn concentrations, catalyst deactivation is found to be highly temperature dependent and becomes especially prominent at increased reaction temperature. Ultimately, understanding of deactivation pathways could help close the activity/stability‐gap with Ru and Ir catalysts towards the practical implementation of sustainable earth‐abundant Mn‐complexes

Pionierinnen der nächsten Generation : ein Blick auf die Adoleszenzphase junger Frauen kosovarischer Herkunft in der Schweiz – Herausforderungen, Strategien und Ressourcen

Die Phase der Adoleszenz stellt insbesondere weibliche Personen mit Migrationshintergrund vor besondere Herausforderungen, so auch junge Frauen der zweiten Generation aus dem Kosovo. Sozialarbeitende, die Jugendliche beraten, müssen deren Lebenswelt kennen. Ziel dieser Master-Thesis ist es deshalb, die Herausforderungen, denen die jungen Frauen während ihrer Adoleszenz begegnen, sowie ihre Ressourcen und Handlungsstrategien zu ergründen und diese in Beziehung zu vorhandenen Macht- und Ungleichheitsverhältnissen zu setzen. Dafür wurden fünf narrativ-problemzentrierte Interviews mit jungen Frauen kosovarischer Herkunft der zweiten Generation geführt sowie vier Interviews mit Expertinnen, die im beruflichen und/oder privaten Kontext mit ebendieser Zielgruppe zu tun haben. Ausgewertet wurden die Daten mithilfe der inhaltlich strukturierenden qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse, wodurch insgesamt sechs Herausforderungen herausgearbeitet werden konnten. Dabei stellen die strenge Erziehung und die damit einhergehenden Einschränkungen in Bezug auf das Ausgehen die zentrale Herausforderung dar. Weiter wurde deutlich, dass die Jugendlichen bei der Bewältigung der Herausforderungen nicht handlungsunfähig sind, sondern auf vier Ressourcen zurückgreifen können und über acht unterschiedliche Strategien verfügen, um ihre Handlungsspielräume zu vergrössern